Changes on risky drinking after the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil: results from three consecutive web surveys.

INTRODUCTION: Risky drinking (RD) is associated with an increased risk of chronic and infectious diseases, injuries, and violence. This study aimed to assess changes in risky drinking (RD) in Brazil after COVID-19 outbreak, both overall and among individuals with self-reported chronic diseases and mental health disorders. METHODS: We conducted three independent, anonymous web surveys in Brazil including adult participants: S1 (April/2020, n=19,257), S2 (August/2020, n=1,590), and S3 (January/2021, n=859). Participants were recruited through adapted snowball sampling and sponsored social network advertisements. RD was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Concise, designed to identify individuals at risk of alcohol-related problems. Logistic regression analyses with bootstrapping (B=2,000) were performed, with stratification by sex, age, education, employment, household size, and the presence of chronic and mental health conditions, as well as lifestyle factors, to address sample imbalances. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of RD was 45.8% [95%CI 45.5, 46.1] in S1, 35.3% [95%CI 34.9, 35.6] in S2, and 33.7% [95%CI 33.3, 34.0] in S3. Participants with chronic diseases consistently presented lower RD prevalence across all three surveys, compared to those without such conditions. Conversely, individuals with mental health disorders presented higher RD prevalence than those without such diagnoses in S1 and S2, but not in S3. DISCUSSION: Despite the decrease in RD prevalence, monitoring of alcohol consumption trends remains essential for shaping effective public health policies. Additionally, the observed variations among individuals reporting chronic and mental health disorders highlight the need for targeted interventions in future crises.

How the Adequate Choice of Plant Species Favors the Restoration Process in Areas Susceptible to Extreme Frost Events.

This work aimed to evaluate the impacts caused by extreme frost events in an ecological restoration area. We grouped the species in three ways: (1) type of trichome coverage; (2) shape of the seedling crown; and (3) functional groups according to the degree of damage caused by frost. The variables of the restored area and species characteristics were selected to be subjected to linear generalization analysis models (GLMs). A total of 104 individuals from seven species were sampled. The most affected species were Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (98% of leaves affected), followed by Cecropia pachystachia Trécul and Hymenea courbaril L. (both 97%), Inga vera Willd. (84%), and Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose with 75%. Tapirira guianensis Aubl. was considered an intermediate species, with 62% of the crown affected. Only Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal was classified as slightly affected, with only 1.5% of leaves affected. With the GLM analysis, it was verified that the interaction between the variables of leaf thickness (Χ² = 37.1, df = 1, p < 0.001), trichome coverage (Χ² = 650.5, df = 2, p < 0.001), and leaf structure culture (Χ² = 54.0, df = 2, p < 0.001) resulted in a model with high predictive power (AIC = 927,244, BIC = 940,735, Χ² = 6947, R² = 0.74, p < 0.001). Frost-affected crown cover was best explained by the interaction between the three functional attributes (74%). We found that there is a tendency for thicker leaves completely covered in trichomes to be less affected by the impact of frost and that the coverage of the affected crown was greatly influenced by the coverage of trichomes. Seedlings with leaves completely covered in trichomes, thicker leaves, and a funneled or more open crown structure are those that are most likely to resist frost events. The success of ecological restoration in areas susceptible to extreme events such as frost can be predicted based on the functional attributes of the chosen species. This can contribute to a better selection of species to be used to restore degraded areas.

Machine learning applied to fMRI patterns of brain activation in response to mutilation pictures predicts PTSD symptoms.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to apply multivariate pattern recognition methods to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms from whole-brain activation patterns during two contexts where the aversiveness of unpleasant pictures was manipulated by the presence or absence of safety cues. METHODS: Trauma-exposed participants were presented with neutral and mutilation pictures during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) collection. Before the presentation of pictures, a text informed the subjects that the pictures were fictitious ("safe context") or real-life scenes ("real context"). We trained machine learning regression models (Gaussian process regression (GPR)) to predict PTSD symptoms in real and safe contexts. RESULTS: The GPR model could predict PTSD symptoms from brain responses to mutilation pictures in the real context but not in the safe context. The brain regions with the highest contribution to the model were the occipito-parietal regions, including the superior parietal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. Additional analysis showed that GPR regression models accurately predicted clusters of PTSD symptoms, nominal intrusion, avoidance, and alterations in cognition. As expected, we obtained very similar results as those obtained in a model predicting PTSD total symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to show that machine learning applied to fMRI data collected in an aversive context can predict not only PTSD total symptoms but also clusters of PTSD symptoms in a more aversive context. Furthermore, this approach was able to identify potential biomarkers for PTSD, especially in occipitoparietal regions.

The increasing burden of pancreatic cancer in Brazil from 2000 to 2019: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer is increasing worldwide. The burden of pancreatic cancer in Brazil and its states was analyzed and compared with that from the USA and China. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of the incidence and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study, from 2000 to 2019. The Brazilian states presenting the highest and lowest socio-demographic index (SDI) were selected from each of the five regions. The SDI consists of the per capita income, education, and fertility rate of each population. RESULTS: A significant increase was found in age-standardized incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in all three countries, with differences in magnitude and annual increases. In Brazil, this incidence rose from 5.33 [95% Uncertainty Interval (UI): 5.06- 5.51] to 6.16 (95% UI: 5.68- 6.53) per 100,000 inhabitants. China and the Brazilian states with the lowest SDI, such as Pará and Maranhão, showed lower incidence and mortality rates, although presenting the highest annual increases. No difference was found between the sexes. A higher mortality rate was observed for those individuals of 70+ years, which was three to four times higher than those aged 50 to 69 years. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing burden of pancreatic cancer in the studied countries, and the higher estimates for the elderly in a fast-aging country such as Brazil, indicates that more resources and health policies will be necessary. The greatest increase in the states with lower SDI reflects inequalities in the access to diagnosis and registries of this cancer.

The increasing burden of pancreatic cancer in Brazil from 2000 to 2019: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer is increasing worldwide. The burden of pancreatic cancer in Brazil and its states was analyzed and compared with that from the USA and China. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of the incidence and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study, from 2000 to 2019. The Brazilian states presenting the highest and lowest socio-demographic index (SDI) were selected from each of the five regions. The SDI consists of the per capita income, education, and fertility rate of each population. RESULTS: A significant increase was found in age-standardized incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in all three countries, with differences in magnitude and annual increases. In Brazil, this incidence rose from 5.33 [95% Uncertainty Interval (UI): 5.06- 5.51] to 6.16 (95% UI: 5.68- 6.53) per 100,000 inhabitants. China and the Brazilian states with the lowest SDI, such as Pará and Maranhão, showed lower incidence and mortality rates, although presenting the highest annual increases. No difference was found between the sexes. A higher mortality rate was observed for those individuals of 70+ years, which was three to four times higher than those aged 50 to 69 years. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing burden of pancreatic cancer in the studied countries, and the higher estimates for the elderly in a fast-aging country such as Brazil, indicates that more resources and health policies will be necessary. The greatest increase in the states with lower SDI reflects inequalities in the access to diagnosis and registries of this cancer.

Unveiling the neural underpinnings of optimism: a systematic review.

Optimism is a personality trait strongly associated with physical and psychological well-being, with correlates in nonhuman species. Optimistic individuals hold positive expectancies for their future, have better physical and psychological health, recover faster after heart disease and other ailments, and cope more effectively with stress and anxiety. We performed a systematic review of neuroimaging studies focusing on neural correlates of optimism. A search identified 14 papers eligible for inclusion. Two key brain areas were linked to optimism: the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), involved in imagining the future and processing of self-referential information; and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), involved in response inhibition and processing relevant cues. ACC activity was positively correlated with trait optimism and with the probability estimations of future positive events. Behavioral measures of optimistic tendencies investigated through the belief update task correlated positively with IFG activity. Elucidating the neural underpinnings of optimism may inform both the development of prevention and treatment strategies for several mental disorders negatively associated with optimism, such as depression, as well as help to foster new resilience promotion interventions targeting healthy, vulnerable, and mentally ill individuals.

Prevalência da hiperidrose primária e seu impacto no trabalho de profissionais de saúde / Prevalence of primary hyperidrosis and its impact on the work of health professionals

Avaliar a prevalência e o impacto da Hiperidrose Primária (HP) nas atividades laborais de profissionais de saúde de um hospital público referência em urgência e emergência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva, exploratória e quantitativa, realizada com profissionais de saúde de um hospital público referência em urgência e emergência do Estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o questionário critérios de diagnósticos, de qualidade de vida e sobre impacto da HP nas atividades laborais. Empregaram-se os testes Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Participaram do estudo 658 profissionais; a prevalência de HP encontrada foi 11%. Dos portadores de HP, 43% relataram apresentar dificuldades durante as atividades laborativas. Todas as atividades laborais no âmbito da saúde foram referidas com limitações na sua execução pelos profissionais avaliados, sendo a mais referida a escrita (88%), seguida da utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual (81%). A HP teve prevalência relevante nos profissionais de saúde com comprometimento negativo importante na sua qualidade de vida e laboral.

To evaluate the prevalence and impact of Primary Hyperhidrosis (PH) on the work activities of health professionals at a public hospital, a reference in Urgency and Emergency. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory, quantitative study carried out with health professionals from a public hospital that is a reference in Urgency and Emergency in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. The instruments used were the questionnaire on diagnostic criteria, quality of life and the impact of PH on work activities. The Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were applied. Participants of this study were 658 professionals; the prevalence of PH was 11%. Among the patients with PH, 43% reported having difficulties during work activities. All work activities in the health field were mentioned with limitations in execution by the evaluated professionals, the most mentioned were writing (88%), followed by the use of personal protective equipment (81%). PH had a relevant prevalence in health professionals with significant negative impairment in their quality of life and work.

Oral formulation angiotensin-(1-7) therapy attenuates pulmonary and systemic damage in mice with emphysema induced by elastase.

Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], a peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and antiproliferative effects in acute or chronic inflammatory disease of respiratory system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of treatment with Ang-(1-7) on pulmonary tissue damage and behavior of mice submitted to experimental model of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema (PE). Initially, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into two main groups: control (CTRL) and PE. In the PE group, the animals received three intratracheal instillations of pancreatic porcine elastase (PPE) at 1-week intervals (0.2 IU in 50 µL of saline). The CTRL group received the same volume of saline solution (50 µL). Twenty-four hours after the last instillation, animals of the PE group were randomly divided into two groups: PE and PE + Ang-(1-7). The PE + Ang-(1-7) group was treated with 60 µg/kg of Ang-(1-7) and 92 µg kg of HPßCD in gavage distilled water, 100 µl. The CTRL and PE groups were treated with vehicle (HPßCD- 92 µg/kg in distilled water per gavage, 100 µl), orally daily for 3 weeks. On the 19th day of treatment, all groups were tested in relation to locomotor activity and exploratory behavior. After 48 h, the animals were euthanized and lungs were collected. The animals of PE group presented rupture of alveolar walls and consequently reduction of alveolar tissue area. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) partially restored the alveolar tissue area. The PE reduced the locomotor activity and the exploratory behavior of the mice in relation to the control group. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) attenuated this change. In addition, it was observed that Ang-(1-7) reduced lung levels of IL-1ß and increased levels of IL-10. These results show an anti-inflammatory effect of Ang-(1-7), inducing the return of pulmonary homeostasis and attenuation of the behavioral changes in experimental model of PE by elastase.

Fast Tracks: Estratégia de enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19 em um hospital privado / Fast tracks: facing strategy for covid-19 pandemic in a private hospital

Objetivo: Descrever as etapas de elaboração e execução de um plano de contingência para a pandemia de coronavírus em um hospital privado com uso de sistema Fast Tracks. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com objetivo de elaboração de plano e organização de Fast Track para pacientes com sintomas respiratórios que busquem o setor de urgência do hospital. Resultados: A proposta deste sistema consiste no atendimento de pacientes com Síndrome Gripal de forma isolada ao da Unidade de Urgência, sendo atendidos em ambiente sem contato direto com o setor da urgência. Conclusão: Os Fast Tracks visam otimizar os serviços prestados, e principalmente, a diminuição cruzada do vírus, tão preconizada pelos órgãos mundiais em combate a pandemia, além de evitar a superlotação da unidade de emergência. (AU)

Objective: To describe the steps for preparing and executing a contingency plan for the coronavirus pandemic in a private hospital using the Fast Tracks system. Methodology: This is a descriptive study with the objective of developing a plan and organization of Fast Track for patients with respiratory symptoms who seek the emergency department of the hospital. Results: The purpose of this system is to assist patients with Flu Syndrome in isolation from the Emergency Unit, being treated in an environment without direct contact with the emergency department. Conclusion: Fast Tracks aim to optimize the services provided, and mainly, the cross-reduction of the virus, so advocated by world agencies in fighting the pandemic, in addition to avoiding overcrowding of the emergency unit. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir los pasos para preparar y ejecutar un plan de contingencia para la pandemia de coronavirus en un hospital privado utilizando el sistema Fast Tracks. Metodología: Este es un estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de desarrollar un plan y organización de Fast Track para pacientes con síntomas respiratorios que buscan el servicio de urgencias del hospital. Resultados: El objetivo de este sistema es ayudar a los pacientes con síndrome de gripe aislados de la unidad de emergencia, que reciben tratamiento en un entorno sin contacto directo con el departamento de emergencias. Conclusión: Fast Tracks tiene como objetivo optimizar los servicios prestados, y especialmente, la reducción cruzada del virus, tan defendido por las agencias mundiales en la lucha contra la pandemia, además de evitar el hacinamiento de la unidad de emergencia. (AU)

Hands Up! Atypical Defensive Reactions in Heavy Players of Violent Video Games When Exposed to Gun-Attack Pictures.

Threatening cues and surrounding contexts trigger specific defensive response patterns. Posturography, a technique for measuring postural strategies, has been used to evaluate motor defensive reactions in humans. When exposed to gun pointed pictures, humans were shown to exhibit an immobility reaction. Short and long-term exposure to violent video games was shown to be a causal risk factor for increased violent and aggressive behavior. Assaultive violence with a gun is a major trigger for motor defensive reactions, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most characteristic psychiatric sequelae. Recent studies point to links between PTSD symptoms and emotional shortfalls in non-clinical trauma-exposed samples. The present study investigated defensive reactions to gun threat and PTSD symptoms in heavy players of violent video games compared to non-players. Male university students were screened according to use of violent video games and divided in three groups: non-players, moderate players, and heavy players. Stimuli were pictures depicting a man pointing a gun directed at the participant. In matched control pictures, non-lethal objects replaced the gun. Posturography was recorded and PTSD symptoms were assessed. When exposed to the threat pictures, non-players exhibited the expected reduction in amplitude of body sway (immobility), heavy players presented atypical augmented amplitude of body sway, and moderate players showed intermediate reactivity. Heavy players presented a significant distinct reaction compared to non-players. They also scored significantly higher in PTSD symptoms than non-players. Disadvantageous defensive reactions and higher vulnerability to PTSD symptoms, revealed in the present study, add to other shortcomings for heavy players.

An investigation of Y chromosome incorporations in 400 species of Drosophila and related genera.

Y chromosomes are widely believed to evolve from a normal autosome through a process of massive gene loss (with preservation of some male genes), shaped by sex-antagonistic selection and complemented by occasional gains of male-related genes. The net result of these processes is a male-specialized chromosome. This might be expected to be an irreversible process, but it was found in 2005 that the Drosophila pseudoobscura Y chromosome was incorporated into an autosome. Y chromosome incorporations have important consequences: a formerly male-restricted chromosome reverts to autosomal inheritance, and the species may shift from an XY/XX to X0/XX sex-chromosome system. In order to assess the frequency and causes of this phenomenon we searched for Y chromosome incorporations in 400 species from Drosophila and related genera. We found one additional large scale event of Y chromosome incorporation, affecting the whole montium subgroup (40 species in our sample); overall 13% of the sampled species (52/400) have Y incorporations. While previous data indicated that after the Y incorporation the ancestral Y disappeared as a free chromosome, the much larger data set analyzed here indicates that a copy of the Y survived as a free chromosome both in montium and pseudoobscura species, and that the current Y of the pseudoobscura lineage results from a fusion between this free Y and the neoY. The 400 species sample also showed that the previously suggested causal connection between X-autosome fusions and Y incorporations is, at best, weak: the new case of Y incorporation (montium) does not have X-autosome fusion, whereas nine independent cases of X-autosome fusions were not followed by Y incorporations. Y incorporation is an underappreciated mechanism affecting Y chromosome evolution; our results show that at least in Drosophila it plays a relevant role and highlight the need of similar studies in other groups.

The ability of orthodontists and oral/maxillofacial surgeons to predict eruption of lower third molar.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of oral/maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs) and orthodontists to predict third molar eruption by examining a simple panoramic radiograph in cases where full spontaneous eruption occurred. METHODS: Panoramic radiographs of 17 patients, 13-16 years of age, were obtained just after orthodontic treatment (T1), when the third molars were intraosseous. The radiographs at T1 were presented to 28 OMFSs and 28 orthodontists-who were asked to give a prognosis for the lower third molars on both sides (n = 34). The full spontaneous eruption of all third molars was clinically observed when patients were older than 18 years (T2). These teeth were clinically asymptomatic at T1 and T2. RESULTS: OMFSs decided by extractions in 49.6 % of cases while orthodontists in 37.8 % (p < 0.001), when the radiographs were examined at T1. Agreement between OMFSs and orthodontists was excellent (Kappa = 0.76, p < 0.0001), as well as intragroup agreement for both OMFSs (Kappa = 0.83) and orthodontists (Kappa = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a remarkable agreement for third molar prognosis, orthodontists and OMFSs were unable to predict lower third molar eruption by examining a simple panoramic radiograph. Both indicated extractions of a considerable number of spontaneously erupted asymptomatic teeth.

Stop or move: Defensive strategies in humans.

Threatening cues and surrounding contexts trigger specific defensive response patterns. Potential threat evokes attentive immobility; attack evokes flight when escape is available and immobility when escape is blocked. Tonic immobility installs when threat is overwhelming and life-risky. In humans, reduced body sway characterizes attentive and tonic immobility, the former with bradycardia, and the later with expressive tachycardia. Here, we investigate human defensive strategies in the presence or absence of an escape route. We employed pictures depicting a man carrying a gun and worked with participants exposed to urban violence. In pictures simulating more possibility of escape, the gun was directed away from the observer; in those simulating higher risk and less chance of escape, the gun was directed toward the observer. Matched control pictures depicted similar layouts, but a non-lethal object substituted the gun. Posturographic and electrocardiographic recordings were collected. Amplitude of sway and heart rate were higher for gun directed-away and lower for gun direct-toward. Compared to their respective matched controls, there was a general increase in the amplitude of sway for the gun directed-away pictures; and a reduction in back-and-forth sway and in heart rate for gun directed-toward pictures. Taken together, those measures suggest that, when exposed to threat invading their margin of safety in a context indicating possible escape route, humans, as non-human species, engage in active escape, resembling the flight stage of the defensive cascade. When facing threat indicating less possibility of escape, humans present an immobile response with bradycardia.

Avaliação da inserção do estudante na Unidade Básica de Saúde: visão do usuário / Evaluation of participation by students in primary healthcare units: the user's view

Este trabalho avaliou, na perspectiva dos usuários, a inserção do estudante de graduação na atenção básica. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo exploratório-descritivo quali-quantitativo em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) de Fortaleza, Ceará, entre 2009 e 2010. Entrevistaram-se usuários da unidade mediante instrumento estruturado com questões objetivas e discursivas. As respostas às questões discursivas foram investigadas seguindo a técnica de análise de conteúdo e tabuladas quanto à sua frequência nos discursos. Setenta e oito usuários foram abordados, dos quais 51 (65,4%) tinham conhecimento da presença de estudantes na UBS (em atendimento, atividades de educação ou visitas domiciliares) e, por isso, foram entrevistados. Desses 51, 96,1% considera importante a UBS funcionar como campo de estágio; 98,0% referiu que a atuação do acadêmico contribui para a melhoria da atenção à saúde; e 98,0% avaliou o estágio como uma atividade importante para a formação profissional dos alunos; 49,0% dos entrevistados já haviam sido atendidos ou acompanhados por acadêmicos, dentre os quais 96,0% declarou que se sentia confortável com a presença e o serviço dos estudantes. Constatou-se que, na perspectiva dos usuários, a contribuição da inserção dos acadêmicos na UBS é positiva.

This study adopted the perspective of services users to evaluate participation by undergraduate students in primary care. A qualitative and quantitative exploratory and descriptive study was conducted in a primary care unit in Fortaleza, Ceará State, in 2009 and 2010. Users of the primary care unit were interviewed with a structured questionnaire containing closed and open-ended questions. Answers to the discursive questions were investigated with the content analysis technique and tabulated according to their frequency. Seventy-eight users were approached, of whom 51 (65.4%) were aware of the presence of students in the primary care unit (in patient care, educational activities, or home visits), and these 51 were thus interviewed. Of these, 96.1% felt it was important for the primary care unit to act as a training facility; 98.0% reported that students' participation contributed to the improvement of healthcare; 98.0% considered this an important activity for the students' professional training; 49.0% of the interviewees had been treated or accompanied by students, among whom 96.0% stated that they felt comfortable with the students' presence and work. From the users' perspective, students' participation made a positive contribution to the primary care unit.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: one or multiple causes?

The Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease in the adulthood, and it is characterized by rapid and progressive compromise of the upper and lower motor neurons. The majority of the cases of ALS are classified as sporadic and, until now, a specific cause for these cases still is unknown. To present the different hypotheses on the etiology of ALS. It was carried out a search in the databases: Bireme, Scielo and Pubmed, in the period of 1987 to 2011, using the following keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neuron disease, etiology, causes and epidemiology and its similar in Portuguese and Spanish. It did not have consensus as regards the etiology of ALS. Researches demonstrates evidences as regards intoxication by heavy metals, environmental and occupational causes, genetic mutations (superoxide dismutase 1), certain viral infections and the accomplishment of vigorous physical activity for the development of the disease. There is still no consensus regarding the involved factors in the etiology of ALS. In this way, new research about these etiologies are necessary, for a better approach of the patients, promoting preventive programs for the disease and improving the quality of life of the patients.

Ventilação não invasiva na insuficiência cardíaca / Noninvasive ventilation on heart failure

A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) através do modo CPAP (Continuous positive airway pressure) tem sido empregada como tratamento na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Todavia, há escassez de evidências sobra a exata utilização desse método na intolerância ao exercício. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar análise crítica sobre a utilização da VNI nos pacientes om IC, a fim de precisar a eficácia e segurança desse método. Para tal, realizou-se uma busca computadorizada sistemática de estudos clínicos controlados e randomizados sobre o efeito da VNI na IC, no período de 1999 a 2009. Os resultados dos diversos trabalhos incluídos nesta pesquisa confirmaram a eficácia da utilização da VNI com modo CPAP em pacientes com IC aguda...