Chlamydia trachomatis lower genital tract infection and spontaneous preterm birth: a case-control study nested in the BRISA cohort / Infecção genital do trato genital inferior por Chlamydia trachomatis e parto pré-termo espontâneo: um estudo caso-controle aninhado na coorte BRISA

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted bacterium that is highly prevalent in young patients. Chlamydial infections during the gestational period have been associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, such as spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). However, results in the literature are inconclusive. Objective: To evaluate the association between CT infection and sPTB. Methods: This was a case-control study nested in the cohort of the prospective Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís birth cohort study. Pregnant patients were recruited in private and public health clinics in São Luís and Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. At the gestational age of 20-25 weeks, cervicovaginal fluid samples were collected for the diagnosis of CT using a polymerase chain reaction. Plasma levels of Transforming Growth Factor-α (TGF- α), Interferon-γ (IFN- γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-13, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF- α), and TNF-ß were measured using a multiplex assay. Results: Of the 561 pregnant patients evaluated, 121 had sPTB and 440 had a full-term delivery (control group). According to our results, CT infection was not associated with sPTB (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.50­2.56); however, it was more frequent among younger patients (p=0.0078), unmarried patients (p=0.0144), and those with multiple sexual partners (p=0.0299). There were no significant differences in the immune mediators between patients with sPTB or full-term deliveries, or between patients with or without a CT infection. Conclusion: In conclusion, CT infection was not associated with sPTB in our study. However, its correlation with younger pregnant patients suggests that these patients require careful clinical management.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) é uma bactéria sexualmente transmissível com alta prevalência em mulheres jovens. As infecções por CT durante o período gestacional têm sido associadas com desfechos obstétricos adversos como o parto pré-termo espontâneo (PPTe). No entanto, os achados na literatura sobre essa temática ainda são inconclusivos. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre infecção por CT e PPTe. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle aninhado na coorte prospectiva de nascimentos de Ribeirão Preto e São Luís (acrônimo BRISA em inglês). As gestantes incluídas foram recrutadas com idade gestacional entre 20 e 25 semanas em serviços de saúde públicos e privados de São Luis e Ribeirão Preto, Brasil. O diagnóstico de CT foi feito por reação em cadeia da polimerase em amostras de conteúdo cervicovaginal coletadas no momento da inclusão no estudo. Também foram dosados os níveis séricos de fator transformador de crescimento-α (TGF- α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleucina-10 (IL-10), IL-13, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α) e TNF-ß por ensaio multiplex. Resultados: Das 561 gestantes avaliadas, 121 tiveram PPTe e 440 tiveram parto a termo (grupo controle). De acordo com nossos resultados, a infecção por CT não esteve associada ao PPTe (odds ratio 1,13; intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0,50­2,56); no entanto, ela foi mais frequente entre as gestantes mais jovens (p=0,0078), solteiras e divorciadas (p=0,0144) e aquelas com múltiplos parceiros sexuais (p=0,0299). Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos imunomediadores entre o grupo com PPTe e controle nem entre as gestantes com diagnóstico positive para CT e as que não apresentavam a infecção. Conclusão: No presente estudo, a infecção por CT não esteve associada ao PPTe, no entanto sua relação com gestantes jovens sugere que essa população requeira maiores cuidados e atenção no manejo clínico.

Downregulation of IL-2 and IL-23 in Cervical Biopsies of Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is associated with high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and invasive cervical cancer. The host immune response plays a key role in whether HPV clears or persists. Most studies on local immune response to HPV collect cervical mucus in order to quantify secreted cytokines; however, cells located inside the tissue can release different cytokines associated with HPV infection. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the cytokine levels in cervical biopsy specimens of women with abnormal colposcopic findings according to the histopathological results: low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), HSIL, and no intraepithelial lesion (NSIL). METHODS: A cross-sectional study enrolling 141 cervical biopsy specimens examined the cytokine profile for interleukin (IL-) 2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23 and interferon-γ, using the Luminex assay/ELISA. Differences in cytokine levels among the cervical lesion groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The 141 specimens included 90 HSILs, 22 LSILs, and 29 NSILs. IL-2 levels were significantly higher in NSIL samples than in LSIL or in HSIL samples (p = 0.0001) and IL-23 levels were significantly higher in NSIL than in HSIL samples (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that in samples from the lesion site point, 2 important pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and IL-23, are downregulated in HPV lesions.

Cervicovaginal Levels of Human ß-Defensin 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Reproductive-Aged Women With Chlamydia trachomatis Infection.

OBJECTIVE: This study included women attending primary health care units in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, to assess the cervicovaginal levels of human ß-defensin (hBD) 1, 2, 3, and 4 during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cervicovaginal samples were collected for Pap testing and assessing the presence of infection by C. trachomatis, human papillomavirus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Vaginal smears were taken to evaluate local microbiota. Human ß-defensin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cervicovaginal fluid samples. Seventy-four women with normal vaginal microbiota and no evidence of infection were included in hBD quantification assays; 37 tested positive for C. trachomatis and 37 were negative. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Women positive for C. trachomatis had significantly lower cervicovaginal hBD-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 compared with those who tested negative (hBD-1: 0 pg/mL [0-2.1] vs 1.6 pg/mL [0-2.4], p < .0001; hBD-2: 0 pg/mL [0-3.9] vs 0.61 pg/mL [0-8.9], p = .0097; and hBD-3: 0 pg/mL [0-4.3] vs 0.28 pg/mL [0-8.4], p = .0076). Human ß-defensin 4 was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of hBD-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in cervicovaginal fluid were detected in the presence of C. trachomatis infection.