ABSTRACT
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological aspects of Candida infections. Methods: The study relied on the analysis of electronic medical records. Results: Among 183 patients with positive fungal infections, 57 were from the community and 126 from hospitals. Females predominated in both groups (82.4% in the community, 54.7% in hospitals). Non-albicans Candida spp. accounted for 62.8% of cases. Antifungal therapy was prescribed for 67 patients, with a 55.6% mortality rate. Conclusion: The increasing prevalence of non-albicans Candida species highlights the need for better candidiasis monitoring and control, especially concerning antifungal use amidst rising antimicrobial resistance, particularly in empirical therapy scenarios.
Fungal infections, particularly those caused by a group of yeasts called Candida, are a major concern. This study looks at clinical laboratory and medical records. We found that certain species of Candida not previously associated with human disease are common. We also noted the inappropriate use of antifungal medication, highlighting the need for healthcare workers to carefully diagnose patients and make appropriate decisions when treating fungal infections.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents , Candida , Candidiasis , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Humans , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Female , Male , Candida/drug effects , Candida/isolation & purification , Middle Aged , Candidiasis/epidemiology , Candidiasis/drug therapy , Candidiasis/microbiology , Candidiasis/mortality , Aged , Adult , Aged, 80 and over , Prevalence , Young Adult , Adolescent , Child , Retrospective Studies , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
Introdução:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia é um patógeno oportunista emergente, associado, principalmente, a infecções nosocomiais. As opções terapêuticas para o tratamento de infecções por S. maltophilia são limitadas, devido a sua resistência a uma grande variedade de antibióticos. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e a resistência aos antibióticos de isolados identificados como S. maltophilia, a partir de pacientes hospitalizados, recuperados em um laboratório clínico, localizado em Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais, bem como analisar dados epidemiológicos destes pacientes. Materiais e Métodos: Isolados consecutivos, não duplicados de S. maltophilia (n=58), referentes ao período de 10 anos foram analisados. Todas as amostras foram identificadas utilizando o sistema automatizado Vitek 2® Compact (BioMérieux/França). Os padrões de resistência aos antibióticos foram realizados utilizando o método de disco difusão. Os prontuários dos pacientes foram avaliados e dados como idade, sexo, espécime clínico, bem como índice de óbito intra-hospitalar atribuído à infecção por S. maltophilia foi igualmente analisado. Resultados: De um total de 39.547 (100%) espécimes clínicos analisados, 58 (0,14%) isolados não replicados foram identificados como S. maltophilia. 70,6% dos isolados de S. maltophilia foram isolados de secreção traqueal e 15,5% de sangue.Todas as amostras foram sensíveis, in vitro, aos antibióticos testados. Frequência de óbito intra-hospitalar associado à infecção por S. maltophilia foi de 44,7%. Indivíduos de ampla faixa etária (0-100 anos) foram acometidos por infecção por S. maltophilia, sendo o sexo feminino o mais prevalente (56,9%). Conclusão: Pneumonia e bacteremia foram as síndromes clínicas mais frequentes causadas por S. maltophila. Constatou-se moderada taxa de mortalidade associada a infecções por S. maltophilia, apesar da alta sensibilidade in vitro aos antibióticos testados. Novos trabalhos se fazem necessários, a fim de gerar dados e informações que possam ser úteis no diagnóstico precoce, manejo e tratamento correto de infecções associadas a S. maltophilia, em especial aquelas com perfil de resistência aos antibóticos.
Introduction:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, mainly associated with nosocomial infections. Therapeutic options for the treatment of S. maltophilia infections are limited because of their resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of isolates identified as S. maltophilia from hospitalized patients recovered from a clinical laboratory located in Juiz de Fora - Minas Gerais, as well as to analyze epidemiological data of these patients. Materials and Methods: Consecutive, non duplicate isolates of S. maltophilia (n=58) for the 10-year period were analyzed. All samples were identified using the automated Vitek 2® Compact system (BioMérieux/France). Antibiotic resistance standards were performed using the disk diffusion method. Patient records were evaluated and data such as age, gender, clinical specimen, and in-hospital death rate attributed to S. maltophilia infection were also analyzed. Results: From a total of 39,547 (100%) clinical specimens analyzed, 58 (0,14%) unreplicated isolates were identified as S. maltophilia. 70,6% of S. maltophilia isolates were isolated from tracheal secretion and 15,5% from blood. All samples were sensitive in vitro to the antibiotics tested. In-hospital death frequency associated with S. maltophilia infection was 44,7%. Individuals from a wide age range (0-100 years) were affected by S. maltophilia infection, with females being the most prevalent (56,9%). Conclusion: Pneumonia and bacteremia were the most frequent clinical syndromes caused by S. maltophila. A moderate mortality rate associated with S. maltophila infections was observed, despite the high sensitivity in vitro to the antibiotics tested. New studies are necessary in order to generate data and information that may be useful in early diagnosis, management and correct treatment of infections associated with S. maltophila, especially those with a profile of antibiotic resistance.
Subject(s)
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Cross Infection , Hospitalization , InfectionsABSTRACT
Nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are widespread in the environment and are increasingly associated with nosocomial infections, often associated with multidrug-resistance phenotypes. This study aimed to evaluate epidemiological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. In total, 63 nonreplicated strains (44 A. baumannii and 19 P. aeruginosa) were isolated from hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial resistance patterns, biocide tolerance, oxidative stress, hemolytic activity, and biofilm formation were assessed. Genetic markers related to ß-lactamase synthesis, efflux systems, and porin loss were screened by PCR. Epidemiological data of patients were analyzed. Advanced age, intensive care unit admission, invasive medical devices, treatment with fluoroquinolones or ß-lactams/ß-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and prolonged hospital stay were predisposing factors for infection. Colistin showed to be active in vitro against these bacteria. Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains did not show hemolytic activity and were less tolerant to oxidative stress and biocides. However, increased ability of biofilm formation was observed, comparing to the carbapenem-susceptible isolates. Genetic markers related to oxacillinases synthesis (OXA-23 and OXA-143), oprD absence, and efflux pump (adeB) were detected in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. Screening for OXA-51-like gene was performed as confirmatory test for A. baumannii identification. In P. aeruginosa genes encoding efflux pumps (MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN, and MexXY-OprM) and SPM-1 were found; besides, oprD absence was also observed. Our results suggest that these organisms are well adapted to different environments and confirm the difficulty of therapeutic management of patients with infections associated with multidrug-resistant microorganisms, with direct impact on mortality and epidemiological control of these strains in health centers.
Subject(s)
Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Genes, MDR , Porins/genetics , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/classification , Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Biofilms/growth & development , Brazil/epidemiology , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology , Gene Expression , Hospitals , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Molecular Epidemiology , Oxidative Stress , Porins/metabolism , Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Pseudomonas Infections/epidemiology , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/classification , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , beta-Lactamases/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance is a growing concern in the nosocomial environment in which Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes play an important role due to their opportunism and carbapenemase-production. This work aimed to evaluate physiological and molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. aerogenes isolated in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. METHODOLOGY: In total, 42 carbapenem-resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens were included (21 K. pneumoniae and 21 E. aerogenes). Drug-sensitive K. pneumoniae (n = 27) were also included. Antimicrobial susceptibility and biocide tolerance patterns, hemolytic activity, tolerance to oxidative stress, and aggregative ability were assessed. Genetic markers related to carbapenem resistance, or ESBL-production were screened by PCR. RESULTS: Compared to drug-sensitive strains, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were more tolerant to biocides and to oxidative stress, and they displayed an increase in biofilm formation. The genetic markers blaKPC (95.2%) and blaTEM (90.5%) were the most frequent. Among the carbapenem-resistant E. aerogenes strains, blaKPC, and blaTEM were detected in all bacteria. Drug-sensitive E. aerogenes were not isolated in the same period. blaSHV, blaVIM, and blaCTX markers were also observed among carbapenem-resistant bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria might show peculiar characteristics regarding their physiology associated with their environmental persistency, virulence, and multidrug resistance. The observed phenomenon may have implications not only for antimicrobial chemotherapy, but also for the prognosis of infectious diseases and infection control.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Enterobacter aerogenes/drug effects , Enterobacter aerogenes/genetics , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , beta-Lactam Resistance , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biofilms/growth & development , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disinfectants/pharmacology , Enterobacter aerogenes/physiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Female , Humans , Klebsiella pneumoniae/physiology , Male , Middle Aged , Oxidative Stress , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Stress, Physiological , Tertiary Care Centers , Young AdultSubject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , beta-Lactam Resistance , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapySubject(s)
Fabry Disease/diagnosis , Fabry Disease/therapy , Adult , Age Factors , Brazil , Cohort Studies , Fabry Disease/etiology , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Male , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Sex Factors , Treatment Outcome , alpha-Galactosidase/genetics , alpha-Galactosidase/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Strategies that optimize early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are paramount to decrease progression of the disease and the burden of patients needing renal replacement therapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 in people submitted to dosage of serum creatinine due to different causes, employing a dataset from a private laboratory of the city of Juiz de Fora comprising the years 2004 and 2005. METHODS: Diagnosis and staging of CKD were based upon glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from serum creatinine as recommended by the KDOQI of the National Kidney Foundation and the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. RESULTS: Prevalence of CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 was of 9.6%, with 12.2%, 5.8%, 25.2% and 3.7% among women, men, people >60 and < 60 years of age, respectively. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of CKD found in our study may not only be interpreted as an epidemiologic indicator, but also discloses an alternative operational strategy to identify the disease. Furthermore it supports a proposal to include the estimation of GFR from serum creatinine in the laboratory report as an important and simple tool for early diagnosis of CKD.
Subject(s)
Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Creatinine/blood , Female , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Sex Distribution , Sex Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: Medidas que otimizem a detecção precoce da doença renal crônica (DRC) são fundamentais para o retardo na evolução da doença e diminuição do aporte de indivíduos às terapias renais de substituição. OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência da DRC em seus estágios 3, 4 e 5, utilizando registros laboratoriais de indivíduos submetidos a dosagem de creatinina sérica por causas diversas em laboratório da rede particular do município de Juiz de Fora, no período de 2004 e 2005. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi consubstanciado pelo cálculo estimado da filtração glomerular, utilizando a equação do estudo MDRD (Modification of diet in renal disease), e seguiu os critérios propostos pelo K/DOQI (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative) para o diagnóstico e classificação da DRC. RESULTADOS: A prevalência encontrada foi de 9,6 por cento, sendo 12,2 por cento no sexo feminino, 5,8 por cento no sexo masculino, 3,7 por cento em indivíduos abaixo de 60 anos e 25,2 por cento acima de 60 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados evidenciam a prevalência da DRC não apenas como um indicador epidemiológico, mas demonstram um aspecto operacional alternativo para otimizar a capacidade de detecção dos casos e permitem sugerir a inclusão do cálculo da filtração glomerular como um dado complementar aos resultados das dosagens de creatinina sérica fornecidos pelos laboratórios.
INTRODUCTION: Strategies that optimize early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are paramount to decrease progression of the disease and the burden of patients needing renal replacement therapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 in people submitted to dosage of serum creatinine due to different causes, employing a dataset from a private laboratory of the city of Juiz de Fora comprising the years 2004 and 2005. METHODS: Diagnosis and staging of CKD were based upon glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from serum creatinine as recommended by the KDOQI of the National Kidney Foundation and the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. RESULTS: Prevalence of CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 was of 9.6 percent, with 12.2 percent, 5.8 percent, 25.2 percent and 3.7 percent among women, men, people >60 and < 60 years of age, respectively. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of CKD found in our study may not only be interpreted as an epidemiologic indicator, but also discloses an alternative operational strategy to identify the disease. Furthermore it supports a proposal to include the estimation of GFR from serum creatinine in the laboratory report as an important and simple tool for early diagnosis of CKD.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Creatinine/blood , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Prevalence , Sex Distribution , Sex Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Através de uma objetiva revisäo da literatura, seräo comentadas no texto as peculiaridades que cercam o paciente granulocitopênico febril, com relaçäo ao quadro clínico e microbiológico, e também as mais recentes diretrizes na propedêutica e terapêutica. Após isto, é apresentada a conduta do Serviço de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (HU-UFJF), desde os cuidados de enfermagem, exames laboratoriais a serem pedidos e esquemas antibióticos mais comumente usados.