Abundance and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with oil-yielding plants.

Due to their role in nutrient transmission, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread plant root symbionts. They may improve plant production by altering plant community structure and function. Therefore, a study was conducted in the state of Haryana to analyze the distribution pattern, diversity, and association of different AMF species with oil-yielding plants. The results of the study revealed the percentage of root colonization, sporulation, and diversity of fungal species associated with the selected 30 oil-yielding plants. The percentage root colonization ranged from 0% to 100%, the highest in Helianthus annuus (100.00 ± 0.00) and Zea mays (100.00 ± 0.00) and the least in Citrus aurantium (11.87 ± 1.43). At the same time, there was no root colonization in the Brassicaceae family. The number of AMF spores present in 50 g of soil samples varied from 17.41 ± 5.28 to 497.2 ± 8.38, with maximum spore population in Glycine max (497.2 ± 8.38) and minimum in Brassica napus (17.41 ± 5.28). Besides, the presence of several species of different genera of AMF was reported in all the studied oil-yielding plants, that is, 60 AMF belonging to six genera viz. Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Sclerocystis, and Scutellospora were observed. Overall, this study will promote AMF usage in oil-yielding plants.

Assessment of Different File Systems for Working Time Based on Glide Path, Operating Kinetics, and the Fracture Resistance.

AIM: This study was done to assess the time to achieve the working distance based on the size of the glide path, operating kinetics, and the fracture resistance of different file systems. MATERIALS AND METHOD: One hundred and eighty mandibular premolars were divided into two groups of 90 each. Group I was subjected to continuous 360° rotary motion and group II to adaptive motion. Twisted File (TF) and Endostar E3 file methods were practiced in groups. The time (seconds) to achieving desired working length was recorded. Failures were classified as torsional failure or flexural failure. RESULTS: The time taken by glide path size 15 in group I was 5.90 ± 4.06 seconds and in group II was 6.12 ± 4.16 seconds. The time taken by glide path size 20 in group I was 5.86 ± 3.12 seconds and in group II was 4.22 ± 2.10 seconds, with 25 size the time taken in group I was 5.32 ± 2.48 seconds and in group II was 3.16 ± 3.14 seconds. The time taken by group I was less as compared to group II, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in time taken with different number files in both groups (p < 0.05). The mean time taken reaching the working length for continuous rotation was less as compared to TF adaptive motion; however, the difference was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We recorded higher instrument separation and deformation with the TF method and adaptive gesture. The TF system showed additional time to achieve the working distance as compared to the Endostar E3 system. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The TF system showed higher instrument separation and deformation, and it requires additional time to achieve the working distance compared to the Endostar E3 system. Hence, the Endostar E3 system is effective in achieving required clinical results.

Effect of different irrigating solutions with surfactants on the microhardness and smear layer removal of root canal dentin: An in vitro study.

AIM: The present in vitro study was undertaken to check the effect of the different irrigating solutions with surfactants, i.e., sodium hypochlorite-(Naocl)-Extra, chlorhexidine (CHX)-Ultra, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), QMix, and BioPure MTAD on the microhardness and smear layer removal of root canal dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 straight rooted lower premolars were collected and were randomly divided into 2 equal groups of 60 each (n = 60). The microhardness of the samples was evaluated by Vickers hardness tester and the removal of smear layer by scanning electron microscope after irrigation of the samples with the tested solutions. RESULTS: CHX-Ultra showed the least microhardness reduction, and EDTA showed the maximum microhardness reduction in all the tested groups. BioPure MTAD showed the maximum removal of smear layer in the apical third, and CHX-Ultra showed the minimal smear layer removal in the apical third. CONCLUSION: During smear layer removal, irrigating solutions cause alterations in the chemical composition of dentin, which may decrease the microhardness of the root dentin causing erosion and affecting the clinical performance of the endodontically treated teeth. Irrigating solution with maximum smear layer removal with minimum changes in microhardness should be used.