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1.
Braz J Med Biol Res ; 54(8): e10850, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34037096

ABSTRACT

The conversion of adenosine to inosine is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase (ADA) (EC 3.5.4.4), which has two isoforms in humans (ADA1 and ADA2) and belongs to the zinc-dependent hydrolase family. ADA modulates lymphocyte function and differentiation, and regulates inflammatory and immune responses. This study investigated ADA activity in lymphocyte-rich peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the absence of disease. The viability of lymphocyte-rich PBMCs isolated from humans and kept in 0.9% saline solution at 4-8°C was analyzed over 20 h. The incubation time and biochemical properties of the enzyme, such as its Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax), were characterized through the liberation of ammonia from the adenosine substrate. Additionally, the presence of ADA protein on the lymphocyte surface was determined by flow cytometry using an anti-CD26 monoclonal human antibody, and the PBMCs showed long-term viability after 20 h. The ADA enzymatic activity was linear from 15 to 120 min of incubation, from 2.5 to 12.5 µg of protein, and pH 6.0 to 7.4. The Km and Vmax values were 0.103±0.051 mM and 0.025±0.001 nmol NH3·mg-1·s-1, respectively. Zinc and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) inhibited enzymatic activity, and substrate preference was given to adenosine over 2'-deoxyadenosine and guanosine. The present study provides the biochemical characterization of ADA in human lymphocyte-rich PBMCs, and indicates the appropriate conditions for enzyme activity quantification.


Subject(s)
Adenosine Deaminase , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 , Adenine , Humans , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Lymphocytes
2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 54(8): e10850, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249328

ABSTRACT

The conversion of adenosine to inosine is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase (ADA) (EC 3.5.4.4), which has two isoforms in humans (ADA1 and ADA2) and belongs to the zinc-dependent hydrolase family. ADA modulates lymphocyte function and differentiation, and regulates inflammatory and immune responses. This study investigated ADA activity in lymphocyte-rich peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the absence of disease. The viability of lymphocyte-rich PBMCs isolated from humans and kept in 0.9% saline solution at 4-8°C was analyzed over 20 h. The incubation time and biochemical properties of the enzyme, such as its Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax), were characterized through the liberation of ammonia from the adenosine substrate. Additionally, the presence of ADA protein on the lymphocyte surface was determined by flow cytometry using an anti-CD26 monoclonal human antibody, and the PBMCs showed long-term viability after 20 h. The ADA enzymatic activity was linear from 15 to 120 min of incubation, from 2.5 to 12.5 µg of protein, and pH 6.0 to 7.4. The Km and Vmax values were 0.103±0.051 mM and 0.025±0.001 nmol NH3·mg-1·s-1, respectively. Zinc and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) inhibited enzymatic activity, and substrate preference was given to adenosine over 2′-deoxyadenosine and guanosine. The present study provides the biochemical characterization of ADA in human lymphocyte-rich PBMCs, and indicates the appropriate conditions for enzyme activity quantification.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adenosine Deaminase , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Adenine , Lymphocytes
3.
Cancer Immunol Immunother ; 69(9): 1801-1812, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32350590

ABSTRACT

Immunotherapy as an approach for cancer treatment is clinically promising. CD73, which is the enzyme that produces extracellular adenosine, favors cancer progression and protects the tumor from immune surveillance. While CD73 has recently been demonstrated to be a potential target for glioma treatment, its role in regulating the inflammatory tumor microenvironment has not yet been investigated. Thus, this study explores the immunotherapeutic value of the CD73 blockade in glioblastoma. The immuno-therapeutic value of the CD73 blockade was evaluated in vivo in immunocompetent pre-clinical glioblastoma model. As such, glioblastoma-bearing rats were nasally treated for 15 days with a siRNA CD73-loaded cationic-nanoemulsion (NE-siRNA CD73R). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry using Annexin-V staining and cell proliferation was analyzed by Ki67 expression by immunohistochemistry. The frequencies of the CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25highCD39+ (Treg) T lymphocytes; CD11b+CD45high macrophages; CD11b+CD45low-microglia; and CD206+-M2-like phenotypes, along with expression levels of CD39 and CD73 in tumor and tumor-associated immune cells, were determined using flow cytometry, while inflammatory markers associated with tumor progression were evaluated using RT-qPCR. The CD73 blockade by NE-siRNA CD73 was found to induce tumor cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, the population of Tregs, microglia, and macrophages was significantly reduced in the tumor microenvironment, though IL-6, CCL17, and CCL22 increased. The treatment selectively decreased CD73 expression in the GB cells as well as in the tumor-associated-macrophages/microglia. This study indicates that CD73 knockdown using a nanotechnological approach to perform nasal delivery of siRNA-CD73 to CNS can potentially regulate the glioblastoma immune microenvironment and delay tumor growth by inducing apoptosis.


Subject(s)
5'-Nucleotidase/antagonists & inhibitors , 5'-Nucleotidase/immunology , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Glioblastoma/immunology , Glioblastoma/metabolism , Glioma/immunology , Glioma/metabolism , Adenosine/immunology , Adenosine/metabolism , Animals , Brain Neoplasms/immunology , Brain Neoplasms/metabolism , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Immunotherapy/methods , Macrophages/immunology , Macrophages/metabolism , Microglia/immunology , Microglia/metabolism , Rats
4.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol ; 85(6): 1177-1182, 2020 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32417936

ABSTRACT

Glioblastoma is the most devastating primary brain tumor and effective therapies are not available. Treatment is based on surgery followed by radio and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), but TMZ increases patient survival only by 2 months. CD73, an enzyme responsible for adenosine production, emerges as a target for glioblastoma treatment. Indeed, adenosine causes tumor-promoting actions and CD73 inhibition increases sensitivity to TMZ in vitro. Here, a cationic nanoemulsion to nasal delivery of siRNA CD73 (NE-siRNA CD73) aiming glioblastoma treatment was employed alone or in combination with TMZ. In vitro, two glioblastoma cell lines (C6 and U138MG) with a chemo-resistant profile were used. Treatment alone with NE-siRNA CD73 reduced C6 and U138MG glioma cell viability by 70% and 25%, respectively. On the other hand, when NE-siRNA + TMZ combined treatment was employed, a reduction of 85% and 33% of cell viability was observed. Notably, treatment with NE-siRNA CD73 of glioma-bearing Wistar rats reduced tumor size by 80%, 60% more than the standard chemotherapy with TMZ, but no synergistic or additive effect was observed in vivo. Additionally, NE-siRNA CD73, TMZ or combined therapy decreased adenosine levels in liquor confirming the importance of this nucleoside on in vivo GB growth. Finally, no hemolytic potential was observed. These results suggest that nasal administration of NE-siRNA CD73 exhibits higher antiglioma effect when compared to TMZ. However, no synergistic or additive in vivo was promoted by the therapeutic regimen employed in this study.


Subject(s)
5'-Nucleotidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Temozolomide/pharmacology , 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology , Apoptosis , Brain Neoplasms/genetics , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Proliferation , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Glioblastoma/genetics , Glioblastoma/pathology , Humans , Male , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
5.
Mol Neurobiol ; 57(2): 635-649, 2020 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31407144

ABSTRACT

Glioblastoma is the most devastating primary brain tumor. Effective therapies are not available, mainly due to high tumor heterogeneity, chemoresistance, and the difficulties imposed by blood-brain barrier. CD73, an enzyme responsible for adenosine (ADO) production, is overexpressed in cancer cells and emerges as a target for glioblastoma treatment. Indeed, ADO causes a variety of tumor-promoting actions, particularly by inducing tumor immune escape, whereas CD73 inhibition impairs tumor progression. Here, a cationic nanoemulsion to deliver CD73siRNA (NE-siRNA CD73R) via nasal route aiming glioblastoma treatment was developed. NE-siRNA CD73R was uptaken by glioma cells in culture, resulting in a parallel 60-80% decrease in AMPase activity and 30-50% in cell viability. Upon nasal delivery, NE-siRNA CD73R was detected in rat brain and serum. Notably, treatment with CD73siRNA complexes of glioma-bearing Wistar rats reduced tumor growth by 60%. Additionally, NE-siRNA CD73R treatment decreased 95% ADO levels in liquor and tumor CD73 expression, confirming in vivo CD73 silencing. Finally, no toxicity was observed in either primary astrocytes or rats with this cationic nanoemulsion. These results suggest that nasal administration of cationic NE as CD73 siRNA delivery system represents a novel potential treatment for glioblastoma. Graphical Abstract Glioblastoma is the most common and devastating form of primary brain tumor. CD73, a protein involved in cell-cell adhesion and migration processes and also responsible for extracellular adenosine (ADO) production, is overexpressed by glioma cells and emerges as an important target for glioma treatment. Indeed, ADO participates in tumor immune escape, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis, and CD73 inhibition impairs those processes. Here, a cationic nanoemulsion to deliver CD73 siRNA (NE-siRNA CD73R) via nasal route aiming glioblastoma treatment was developed. NE-siRNA CD73R knockdown in vitro and in vivo CD73. Upon nasal delivery of NE-siRNA CD73R, the treatment markedly reduced tumor volume by 60% in a rat preclinical glioblastoma model. The treatment was well tolerated, and did not induce kidney, liver, lung, olfactory, bone marrow, or behavior alterations. These results indicate that the nasal administration of NE as a CD73 siRNA delivery system offered an efficient means of gene knockdown and may represent a potential alternative for glioblastoma treatment.


Subject(s)
5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism , Emulsions/administration & dosage , Gene Transfer Techniques , Glioblastoma/therapy , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Astrocytes/pathology , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Cations , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Cell Survival , GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism , Glioblastoma/pathology , Humans , Male , Rats, Wistar
6.
Mol Neurobiol ; 56(5): 3260-3279, 2019 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30117104

ABSTRACT

Glioblastoma is the worst and most common primary brain tumor. Here, we demonstrated the role of CD73, an enzyme responsible for adenosine (ADO) production, in glioblastoma progression. ADO increased glioma cell viability via A1 receptor sensitization. CD73 downregulation decreased glioma cell migration and invasion by reducing metalloproteinase-2 and vimentin expression and reduced cell proliferation by 40%, which was related to necrosis and sub-G1 phase blockage of cell cycle. Those effects also involved the stimulation of Akt/NF-kB pathways. Additionally, CD73 knockdown or enzyme inhibition potentiated temozolomide cytotoxic effect on glioma cells by decreasing the IC50 value and sensitizing cells to a non-cytotoxic drug concentration. CD73 inhibition also decreased in vivo rat glioblastoma progression. Delivery of siRNA-CD73 or APCP reduced tumor size by 45 and 40%, respectively, when compared with control. This effect was followed by a parallel 95% reduction of ADO levels in cerebrospinal fluid, indicating the role of extracellular ADO in in vivo glioma growth. Treatment did not induce systemic damage or mortality. Altogether, we conclude that CD73 is an interesting target for glioblastoma treatment and its inhibition may provide new opportunities to improve the treatment of brain tumors. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.


Subject(s)
5'-Nucleotidase/genetics , Brain Neoplasms/genetics , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Down-Regulation/genetics , Glioblastoma/genetics , Glioblastoma/pathology , 5'-Nucleotidase/antagonists & inhibitors , 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism , Adenosine/metabolism , Animals , Biomarkers, Tumor/blood , Brain Neoplasms/blood , Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Cell Survival , Disease Progression , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Glioblastoma/blood , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Rats , Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Temozolomide/pharmacology , Temozolomide/therapeutic use , Vimentin/metabolism
7.
J Cell Biochem ; 118(12): 4468-4478, 2017 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28464260

ABSTRACT

Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides have emerged as important elements regulating tissue homeostasis. Acting through specific receptors, have the ability to control gene expression patterns to direct cellular fate. We observed that SKOV-3 cells express the ectonucleotidases: ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (ENPP1), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), and liver alkaline phosphatase (ALPL). Strikingly, in pulse and chase experiments supplemented with ATP, SKOV-3 cells exhibited low catabolic efficiency in the conversion of ADP into AMP, but they were efficient in converting AMP into adenosine. Since these cells release ATP, we proposed that the conversion of ADP into AMP is a regulatory node associated with the migratory ability and the mesenchymal characteristics shown by SKOV-3 cells under basal conditions. The landscape of gene expression profiles of SKOV-3 cell cultures treated with apyrase or adenosine demonstrated similarities (e.g., decrease FGF16 transcript) and differences (e.g., the negative regulation of Wnt 2, and 10B by adenosine). Thus, in SKOV-3 we analyzed the migratory ability and the expression of epithelium to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in response to apyrase. Apyrase-treatment favored the epithelial-like phenotype, as revealed by the re-location of E-cadherin to the cell to cell junctions. Pharmacological approaches strongly suggested that the effect of Apyrase involved the accumulation of extracellular adenosine; this notion was strengthened when the incubation of the SKOV-3 cell with α,ß-methylene ADP (CD73 inhibitor) or adenosine deaminase was sufficient to abolish the effect of apyrase on cell migration. Overall, adenosine signaling is a fine tune mechanism in the control of cell phenotype in cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4468-4478, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Purines/pharmacology , Apyrase/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects , Female , Humans , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Purines/metabolism
8.
Oncoimmunology ; 5(2): e1082703, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27057473

ABSTRACT

CD39 and CD73 are key enzymes in the adenosine (ADO) pathway. ADO modulates pathophysiological responses of immune cells, including B cells. It has recently emerged that a subpopulation of ADO-producing CD39+CD73+ B cells has regulatory properties. Here, we define the CD39high subset of these cells as the major contributor to the regulatory network operated by human B lymphocytes. Peripheral blood B cells were sorted into CD39neg, CD39inter and CD39high subsets. The phenotype, proliferation and IL-10 secretion by these B cells were studied by flow cytometry. 5'-AMP and ADO levels were measured by mass spectrometry. Agonists or antagonists of A1R, A2AR and A3R were used to study ADO-receptor signaling in B cells. Inhibition of effector T-cell (Teff) activation/proliferation by B cells was assessed in co-cultures. Cytokine production was measured by Luminex. Upon in vitro activation and culture of B cells, the subset of CD39high B cells increased in frequency (p < 0.001). CD39high B cells upregulated CD73 expression, proliferated (approximately 40% of CD39high B cells were Ki-67+ and secreted fold-2 higher IL-10 and ADO levels than CD39neg or CD39inter B cells. CD39high B cells co-cultured with autologous Teff suppressed T-cell activation/proliferation and secreted elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The A1R and A2AR agonists promoted expansion and functions of CD39high B cells. CD39 ectonucleotidase is upregulated in a subset of in vitro-activated B cells which utilize ADO and IL-10 to suppress Teff functions. Proliferation and functions of these CD39high B cells are regulated by A1R- and A2AR-mediated autocrine signaling.

9.
Biotech Histochem ; 88(1): 1-9, 2013 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22954064

ABSTRACT

Axinella corrugata lectin 1 (ACL-1) was purified from aqueous extracts of the marine sponge, Axinella corrugata. ACL-1 strongly agglutinates native rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutination is inhibited by N-acetyl derivatives, particularly N, N', N"-triacetylchitotriose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. We investigated the capacity of biotinylated ACL-1 to stain several transformed cell lines including breast (T-47D, MCF7), colon (HT-29), lung (H460), ovary (OVCAR-3) and bladder (T24). ACL-I may bind to both monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of tumor cells, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D- glucosamine glycan types. The lectins are useful, not only as markers and diagnostic parameters, but also for tissue mapping in suspicious neoplasms. In addition, they provide a better understanding of neoplasms at the cytological and molecular levels. Furthermore, the use of potential metastatic markers such as lectins is crucial for developing successful tools for therapy against cancer. We observed that biotinylated ACL-I stains tumor cells and may hold potential as a probe for identifying transformed cells and for studying glycan structures synthesized by such cells.


Subject(s)
Axinella/chemistry , Lectins/chemistry , Neoplasms/chemistry , Staining and Labeling/methods , Animals , Biotinylation , Cell Line, Tumor , Chromatography, Affinity/methods , Neoplasms/pathology , Rabbits , Rats
10.
Invest New Drugs ; 31(4): 812-22, 2013 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23224295

ABSTRACT

Kinins and their receptors have been recently implicated in cancer. Using functional and molecular approaches, we investigated the relevance of kinin B1 and B2 receptors in bladder cancer. Functional studies were conducted using bladder cancer cell lines, and human biopsies were employed for molecular studies. Both B1 des-Arg(9)-BK and B2 BK receptor agonists stimulated the proliferation of grade 3-derived T24 bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, treatment with B1 and B2 receptor antagonists (SSR240612 and HOE140) markedly inhibited the proliferation of T24 cells. Only higher concentrations of BK increased the proliferation of the grade 1 bladder cancer cell line RT4, while des-Arg(9)-BK completely failed to induce its proliferation. Real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA expression of kinin receptors, particularly B1 receptors, was increased in T24 cells relative to RT4 cells. Data from bladder cancer human biopsies revealed that B1 receptor expression was increased in all tumor samples and under conditions of chronic inflammation. We also show novel evidence demonstrating that the pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) with AS252424, concentration-dependently reduced T24 cell proliferation induced by BK or des-Arg(9)-BK. Finally, the incubation of T24 cells with kinin agonists led to a marked activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK 1/2 signaling pathways, whereas p38 MAP kinase remained unaffected. Kinin receptors, especially B1 receptors, appear to be implicated in bladder cancer progression. It is tempting to suggest that selective kinin antagonists might represent potential alternative therapies for bladder cancer.


Subject(s)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Receptor, Bradykinin B1/metabolism , Receptor, Bradykinin B2/metabolism , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/enzymology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biopsy , Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists , Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonists , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , MAP Kinase Signaling System , Middle Aged , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Receptor, Bradykinin B1/agonists , Receptor, Bradykinin B1/genetics , Receptor, Bradykinin B2/agonists , Receptor, Bradykinin B2/genetics , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/genetics , Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology , Urinary Bladder/drug effects , Urinary Bladder/enzymology , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
11.
Eur J Med Chem ; 57: 268-74, 2012 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23069682

ABSTRACT

The coumarins 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin 1 5-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin 2 and 5-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyloxy)-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin 3 isolated from Pterocaulon species showed significant cytotoxicity against two glioma cells lines. Compound 1 presented IC(50) values of 34.6 µM and 31.6 µM against human (U138-MG) and rat (C6) glioma cells, respectively, and this compound was at least two times more potent than compounds 2 and 3. This result could be explained by the planar conformation adopted by 1 through a non-classical hydrogen bond between a hydrogen of the methoxy and the oxygen of the methylenedioxy groups. Another important finding was that the cytotoxic effect induced by 1 in glioma cells was not observed in organotypic cultures, indicating a selective cytotoxicity for tumor cells.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Apoptosis/drug effects , Asteraceae/chemistry , Benzodioxoles/isolation & purification , Coumarins/isolation & purification , Cytotoxins/isolation & purification , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzodioxoles/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology , Coumarins/pharmacology , Cytotoxins/pharmacology , Glioma/drug therapy , Glioma/pathology , Hippocampus/cytology , Hippocampus/drug effects , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Male , Organ Specificity , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tissue Culture Techniques
12.
Br J Pharmacol ; 165(1): 183-96, 2012 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21675966

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ATP is released in response to cellular damage, and P2X7 receptors have an essential role in the onset and maintenance of pathological changes. Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a well-known adverse effect of therapy with cyclophosphamide used for the treatment of many solid tumours and autoimmune conditions. Here we have evaluated the role of P2X7 receptors in a model of HC induced by cyclophosphamide. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Effects of pharmacological antagonism or genetic deletion of P2X7 receptor on cyclophosphamide-induced HC in mice was assessed by nociceptive and inflammatory measures. In addition, the presence of immunoreactive P2X7 receptors was assessed by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS: Pretreatment with the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-438079 or genetic ablation of P2X7 receptors reduced nociceptive behaviour scores in the HC model. The same strategies decreased both oedema and haemorrhage indices, on macroscopic or histological evaluation. Treatment with A-438079 decreased the staining for c-Fos in the lumbar spinal cord and brain cortical areas. Treatment with A-438079 also prevented the increase of urinary bladder myeloperoxidase activity and macrophage migration induced by cyclophosphamide and reduced the tissue levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α. Finally, P2X7 receptors were markedly up-regulated in the bladders of mice with cyclophosphamide-induced HC. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: P2X7 receptors were significantly involved in a model of HC induced by cyclophosphamide. Pharmacological inhibition of these receptors might represent a new therapeutic option for this pathological condition.


Subject(s)
Cyclophosphamide/toxicity , Cystitis/chemically induced , Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Inflammation/metabolism , Nociception/physiology , Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism , Animals , Cell Movement , Cystitis/metabolism , Cystitis/pathology , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gene Expression Regulation , Genes, fos , Hemorrhage/metabolism , Macrophages/physiology , Male , Mesna/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Pyridines/administration & dosage , Pyridines/pharmacology , Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics , Tetrazoles/administration & dosage , Tetrazoles/pharmacology , Urinary Bladder/metabolism
13.
Br J Pharmacol ; 158(4): 1104-11, 2009 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19422380

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effects of systemic treatment with indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules (IndOH-NC) were compared with those of free indomethacin (IndOH) in rat models of acute and chronic oedema. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The following models of inflammation were employed: carrageenan-induced acute oedema (measured between 30 min and 4 h), sub-chronic oedema induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (determined between 2 h and 72 h), and CFA-induced arthritis (oedema measured between 14 and 21 days). KEY RESULTS: IndOH or IndOH-NC produced equal inhibition of carrageenan-elicited oedema. However, IndOH-NC was more effective in both the sub-chronic (33 +/- 4% inhibition) and the arthritis (35 +/- 2% inhibition) model of oedema evoked by CFA, when compared with IndOH (21 +/- 2% and 14 +/- 3% inhibition respectively) (P < 0.01). In the CFA arthritis model, treatment with IndOH-NC markedly inhibited the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 (by 83 +/- 8% and 84 +/- 11% respectively), while the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were significantly increased (196 +/- 55%). The indices of gastrointestinal damage in IndOH-NC-treated animals were significantly less that those after IndOH treatment (58 +/- 16%, 72 +/- 6% and 69 +/- 2%, for duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: IndOH-NC produced an increased anti-inflammatory efficacy in long-term models of inflammation, allied to an improved gastrointestinal safety. This formulation might represent a promising alternative for treating chronic inflammatory diseases, with reduced undesirable effects.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Indomethacin/therapeutic use , Inflammation/drug therapy , Nanocapsules/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Indomethacin/adverse effects , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
14.
Neuroscience ; 138(2): 421-32, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16414200

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory and degenerative pathophysiological processes within the CNS are important causes of human disease. Astrocytes appear to modulate these reactions and are a major source of inflammatory mediators, e.g. extracellular adenine nucleotides, in nervous tissues. Actions following extracellular nucleotides binding to type 2 purinergic receptors are regulated by ectonucleotidases, including members of the CD39/ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family. The ectonucleotidases of astrocytes expressed by rat brain rapidly convert extracellular ATP to ADP, ultimately to AMP. RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry as well as Western blotting analysis demonstrated expression of multiple ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family members at both the mRNA and protein level. By quantitative real-time PCR, we identified Entpd2 (CD39L1) as the dominant Entpd gene expressed by rat hippocampal, cortical and cerebellar astrocytes. These data in combination with the elevated ecto-ATPase activity observed in these brain regions, suggest that NTPDase2, an ecto-enzyme that preferentially hydrolyzes ATP, is the major ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase expressed by rat astrocytes. NTPDase2 may modulate inflammatory reactions within the CNS and could represent a useful therapeutic target in human disease.


Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics , Astrocytes/enzymology , Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Brain/enzymology , Kinetics , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Substrate Specificity , Transfection
15.
Mol Cell Endocrinol ; 205(1-2): 107-14, 2003 Jul 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12890572

ABSTRACT

Thyroid hormones have profound effects on the central nervous system, such as proliferation, secretion of growth factors and gene expression regulation. Ecto-NTPDases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase can control the extracellular ATP/adenosine levels, which have been described as proliferation factors. Here, we investigated the influence of T(3) on the enzyme cascade which catalyzes interconversion of purine nucleotides in rat C6 glioma cells. Exposure of C6 cells to T(3) caused a dose dependent increase of 30% in the AMP hydrolysis up to 0.25 nM, which was suppressed by actinomycin. No significant alteration was observed on ATP/ADP hydrolysis and T(4) at higher concentrations (10-1000 nM) promoted an increase in AMP hydrolysis that was not dose dependent. T(3) treatment also increased the expression of CD73 mRNA. Besides the importance of the ecto-5'-NT in the cell proliferation and differentiation, its overexpression can enhance extracellular adenosine levels, which could also be an important proliferation signal.


Subject(s)
5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism , Glioma/enzymology , Thyroxine/pharmacology , Triiodothyronine/pharmacology , 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Dactinomycin/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Thyroxine/metabolism , Triiodothyronine/metabolism , Up-Regulation
16.
Amino Acids ; 24(4): 383-8, 2003 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12768500

ABSTRACT

The nucleotide (ATP-ADP)/nucleoside (adenosine) ratio in the circulation can modulate the processes of vasoconstriction, vasodilatation and platelet aggregation. The main objective of the present study with rat blood serum was to evaluate the possibility of changes in nucleotide hydrolysis by phenylalanine (Phe) and phenylpyruvate (PP), the levels of which could increase in the circulation of individuals with phenylketonuria. Results demonstrated that Phe in the range 1.0-5.0 mM inhibited the ADP hydrolysis by rat serum. The effect of inhibition by Phe on ATP hydrolysis appeared only at a concentration of 5.0 mM. PP had no significant effect upon nucleotide hydrolysis. Kinetic analysis indicated that the inhibition of ADP and ATP hydrolysis by Phe in rat blood serum is uncompetitive. Conversely, Phe and PP did not affect the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-5'-TMP by rat serum.


Subject(s)
Adenosine Diphosphate/blood , Adenosine Triphosphate/blood , Phenylalanine/metabolism , Phenylpyruvic Acids/metabolism , Animals , Apyrase/antagonists & inhibitors , Apyrase/metabolism , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
17.
Platelets ; 14(1): 47-52, 2003 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12623446

ABSTRACT

ATP diphosphohydrolase is an enzyme described in platelets and may be related to the control of ADP-dependent platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries, and the release of platelet-derived factors, play an important role in coronary artery disease syndromes. In this study, we determined the activity of ATP diphosphohydrolase in platelets from patients with chronic and acute coronary artery disease syndromes and healthy persons. The following groups were studied: healthy persons (group I), patients with chronic heart disease (group II) and acute heart disease (group III). Results did not demonstrate differences between the groups studied. The control group demonstrated a lower range of enzyme activity. The patients from groups II and III had ingested drugs with actions upon the cardiovascular system and the effect, in vitro, of these drugs upon the ATP diphosphohydrolase activity in human platelets was also investigated. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that 2.0 mM acetylsalicylic acid inhibited ATP hydrolysis by human platelets by approximately 55%. Significant correlation was observed between ADP hydrolysis and glucose blood levels in the control group and between ATP hydrolysis and triglycerides in the group II. These results contribute to our understanding of a possible relationship between ATP diphosphohydrolase and thrombogenesis.


Subject(s)
Apyrase/metabolism , Blood Platelets/enzymology , Coronary Artery Disease/blood , Acute Disease , Adult , Aged , Apyrase/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspirin/pharmacology , Blood Glucose , Case-Control Studies , Chronic Disease , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Thrombosis/etiology , Triglycerides/blood
18.
Int J Dev Neurosci ; 19(7): 649-53, 2001 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11705669

ABSTRACT

The main objective of the present study was to characterize the inhibition by phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity in synaptosomes from the brain cortex of rats. This enzyme participates together with a 5'-nucleotidase in adenosine formation from the neurotransmitter, ATP, in the synaptic cleft. The inhibition of ATP diphosphohydrolase was competitive for nucleotide hydrolysis but 5'-nucleotidase was not affected by these metabolites. Furthermore, the two substances inhibited enzyme activity by acting at the same binding site. If the enzyme inhibition observed in vitro also occurs in the brain of PKU patients, it may promote an increase in ATP levels in the synaptic cleft. In this case, the neurotoxicity of ATP could possibly be one of the mechanisms leading to the characteristic brain damage of phenylketonuria.


Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Apyrase/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/enzymology , Phenylalanine/metabolism , Phenylketonurias/enzymology , Phenylpyruvic Acids/metabolism , Presynaptic Terminals/enzymology , 5'-Nucleotidase/antagonists & inhibitors , 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism , Adenosine/biosynthesis , Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Apyrase/antagonists & inhibitors , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Hydrolysis/drug effects , Kinetics , Phenylalanine/pharmacology , Phenylketonurias/physiopathology , Phenylpyruvic Acids/pharmacology , Presynaptic Terminals/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Synaptosomes
19.
Braz J Med Biol Res ; 34(10): 1247-56, 2001 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11593298

ABSTRACT

Sertoli cells have been shown to be targets for extracellular purines such as ATP and adenosine. These purines evoke responses in Sertoli cells through two subtypes of purinoreceptors, P2Y2 and P A1. The signals to purinoreceptors are usually terminated by the action of ectonucleotidases. To demonstrate these enzymatic activities, we cultured rat Sertoli cells for four days and then used them for different assays. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis was estimated by measuring the Pi released using a colorimetric method. Adenosine deaminase activity (EC 3.5.4.4) was determined by HPLC. The cells were not disrupted after 40 min of incubation and the enzymatic activities were considered to be ectocellularly localized. ATP and ADP hydrolysis was markedly increased by the addition of divalent cations to the reaction medium. A competition plot demonstrated that only one enzymatic site is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP. This result indicates that the enzyme that acts on the degradation of tri- and diphosphate nucleosides on the surface of Sertoli cells is a true ATP diphosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5) (specific activities of 113 +/- 6 and 21 +/- 2 nmol Pi mg(-1) min(-1) for ATP and ADP, respectively). The ecto-5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and ectoadenosine deaminase activities (specific activities of 32 +/- 2 nmol Pi mg(-1) min(-1) for AMP and 1.52 +/- 0.13 nmol adenosine mg(-1) min(-1), respectively) were shown to be able to terminate the effects of purines and may be relevant for the physiological control of extracellular levels of nucleotides and nucleosides inside the seminiferous tubules.


Subject(s)
5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism , Adenine Nucleotides/metabolism , Sertoli Cells/enzymology , Adenosine Deaminase/metabolism , Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism , Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Hydrolysis , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
20.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 34(10): 1247-1256, Oct. 2001. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-299840

ABSTRACT

Sertoli cells have been shown to be targets for extracellular purines such as ATP and adenosine. These purines evoke responses in Sertoli cells through two subtypes of purinoreceptors, P2Y2 and P A1. The signals to purinoreceptors are usually terminated by the action of ectonucleotidases. To demonstrate these enzymatic activities, we cultured rat Sertoli cells for four days and then used them for different assays. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis was estimated by measuring the Pi released using a colorimetric method. Adenosine deaminase activity (EC 3.5.4.4) was determined by HPLC. The cells were not disrupted after 40 min of incubation and the enzymatic activities were considered to be ectocellularly localized. ATP and ADP hydrolysis was markedly increased by the addition of divalent cations to the reaction medium. A competition plot demonstrated that only one enzymatic site is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP. This result indicates that the enzyme that acts on the degradation of tri- and diphosphate nucleosides on the surface of Sertoli cells is a true ATP diphosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5) (specific activities of 113 + or - 6 and 21 + or - 2 nmol Pi mg-1 min-1 for ATP and ADP, respectively). The ecto-5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and ectoadenosine deaminase activities (specific activities of 32 + or - 2 nmol Pi mg-1 min-1 for AMP and 1.52 + or - 0.13 nmol adenosine mg-1 min-1, respectively) were shown to be able to terminate the effects of purines and may be relevant for the physiological control of extracellular levels of nucleotides and nucleosides inside the seminiferous tubules


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , 5'-Nucleotidase , Adenine Nucleotides , Sertoli Cells , Adenosine Deaminase , Adenosine Diphosphate , Adenosine Monophosphate , Adenosine Triphosphate , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Hydrolysis , Rats, Wistar
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