Brain and spinal MR imaging findings in mucopolysaccharidoses: a review.

MPS represents a group of rare hereditary disorders characterized by multisystem involvement due to intralysosomal GAG accumulation. Among various tissues, both the central and peripheral nervous system are affected in almost all types of the disease. Thus, brain and spinal MR imaging are valuable tools for the assessment of neurologic involvement, and there is evidence that they might be reliable markers demonstrating disease severity and efficacy of treatment options currently used in patients with MPS. We aimed to review the most prominent MR imaging features of patients with MPS, paying attention to the physiopathologic mechanisms responsible for these alterations. Along with the description of neuroimaging findings, existing data in relation to their correlation with the severity of neurologic involvement is discussed, while another topic of great importance is the effect of various therapeutic regimens in the progression of brain and spinal MR imaging alterations. Finally, recent data concerning MR spectroscopy studies in MPS are also critically discussed.

Fairy tales: a compass for children's healthy development--a qualitative study in a Greek island.

BACKGROUND: Fairy tales have always been an integrated part of children's everyday life. In our days, they still represent important ways of helping the children share their desires and express their agonies and inner conflicts. The present descriptive qualitative study aims to describe parents' opinions and children's preferences regarding storytelling. METHODS: Four hundred and seventy parents took part in the study and were interviewed following a semi-structured guide with open-ended trigger questions. Data were processed via content analysis methods. RESULTS: Three main themes were constructed. The vast majority of interviewees acknowledged their strong belief in the power of fairy tales and stated that their children listen to stories at least once a week. Most of them use storytelling as an instructive tool, in order to soothe their children's anxieties or set examples for them. Concerning children's preferences, the majority of them choose classic fairy tales over modern ones with Little Red Riding Hood taking precedence over other famous stories. All participants acknowledged the fact that their children are amused and positively affected by storytelling, while young readers share their enthusiasm for fairy tales in many ways, mostly by talking about their favourite character. Finally, in relation to the villains, children seem to be satisfied or relieved when they are punished and only a small number of participants stated that the cruel punishment of bad characters creates feelings of fear to their kids. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study emphasize the crucial role that storytelling plays in children's life and normal development.

Multiple myeloma and bone disease: pathogenesis and current therapeutic approaches.

Multiple myeloma is a haematologic malignancy caused by clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells and associated with bone disease and hypercalcaemia. Myeloma cells are in close proximity to sites of active bone resorption and the interactions between those cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, are crucial not only for the bone distraction but for the proliferation of bone marrow cells as well. Recent studies have revealed that numerous regulating factors of osteoblast and osteoclast activity interfere with the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma's bone disease and that the understanding of the pathophysiological pathways involved is the first step towards discovering novel potential therapeutic approaches.