[Psychiatry is more than therapy]. / Psychiatrie má nejen lécebné funkce.

Presentation describes the relation between psychiatry and society and their mutual interplay. The special status of psychiatry among the medical disciplines is characterized. Indications and methods of restriction in psychiatry are given. Beside its curative and regulative function, psychiatry has to protect both the patients and the society. The means of restriction are presented (hospitalisation without the patient's consent, locked departments, physical and pharmacological restrictions, protective psychiatric treatment and other). Problems of medical-juristic dilemma in psychiatric praxis are discussed. Official and unofficial methods of the regulation of patient's behaviour are described together with the necessity to develop and cultivate them.

Key moments in the history of czech psychiatry.

1783 - The Austrian Emperor Joseph II. established a department for mentally ill priests in the hospital of the Merciful Brothers in Prague. 1790 - Based on the Emperors decision, a new hospital was opened in Prague. A new two-storey building was used exclusively for treatment of the mentally ill patients. 1821 - Lectures about insanity were opened at Prague University. 1844 - A New house (nowadays a psychiatric University department) was established. Building of psychiatric hospitals: 1863 Brno-Cernovice, 1870 Kosmonosy, 1880 Dobrany, 1887 Oparany, 1889 Opava, 1890 Horní Berkovice, 1892 Sternberk, 1906 Kromeríz, 1902 Jihlava, 1908 Praha-Bohnice. 1904 - A Journal, later called Czechoslovak Psychiatry was founded. 1919 - The Czech, later the Czechoslovak and latest the Czech Psychiatric Society were established. 1955 - Specialization for psychiatry. 1956 - Separation psychiatry and neurology. Progress in the out-patient care from 1, 0 psychiatrist per 100.000 inhabitants (1963) to 4, 5 (1995). Form 1989 accent on human and patient's rights and ethical principles, end of abuse of psychiatry. 1993 - First community based-services.

[The rights of psychiatric patients]. / Práva psychiatrických pacientu.

The author gives a historical account of patient's rights and in particular the development of codes of rights of psychiatric patients during the past twenty years. He describes differences in attitudes to rights of psychiatric patients in different societies and the different emphasis on patient's rights, as compared with rights of society. Briefly the so far most elaborated account of rights of psychiatric patients submitted by the American Psychiatric Association is described.

[Why diagnostic classification in psychiatry?]. / Proc diagnosticky klasifikovat v psychiatrii?

The authors draw attention to doubts regarding diagnostic psychiatric classification and underrating of an accurate terminology, particularly during the last 15 years. They analyze advantages, the purpose and sense of diagnostic classification patterns and expectations from this pattern. They submit arguments for the statement that psychiatric diagnosis is essential for the mutual understanding, for assessment of therapy, prognosis and evaluation and also for psychiatric research.

[Development of diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry]. / Vývoj diagnostických klasifikacních systému v psychiatrii.

The author presents a historical account of classifications of mental disorders. He follows the development from simple classifications at the onset of the 19th century via Morel's, Kraepelin's, Kuffner's and Bleuler's classification to the new diagnostic classification of North American psychiatrists (DSM-III), International classification of diseases (ICD 10) to the contemporary multiaxial classification of mental disorders.

[Electroconvulsive therapy in the Czech Republic 1981-1989]. / Elektrokonvulzívní lécba v Ceské republice v letech 1981-1989.

The authors processed statistical data on the application of electroconvulsive treatment in 1981-1989 in all in-patient psychiatric departments in the Czech Republic. During this period a slight decline of shocked subjects was recorded. Among shocked patients there is a permanent, higher relative ratio of women. Approximately every 18th discharged or deceased patient underwent electroconvulsive treatment. Psychiatric hospital departments use electroconvulsive treatment to a very different extent. Most frequently patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis (43%), affective psychosis (36%) and other inorganic psychoses (8%) receive shock therapy.

[Development of psychiatric disability in psychotics and their rehabilitation]. / Vývoj psychiatrické invalidity psychotiku a rehabilitace.

The authors describe the results of a 12-month follow up of a group of patients who had an attack of functional psychosis. They paid attention to their professional work, course of the disease and social sequelae of the disease. The authors assessed also predictors of satisfactory future of professional activities by clinical methods as well as by selected psychological tests. They confirmed the effectiveness of aimed rehabilitation and resocialization care in patients with a chronic course of the disease and with residual postpsychotic symptoms.

[Reliability of the psychiatric section in the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases]. / Reliabilita psychiatrické cásti 10. revize Mezinárodní klasifikace nemocí.

In collaboration with WHO the authors participated in sessions on the reliability of the Vth chapter of mental disease of the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The object was to evaluate the comprehensibility and utility of the diagnosis of mental disorders, evaluate to what extent the new classification describes adequately disorders of different types of psychiatric patients and to provide information on the extent and type of diagnostic agreement and disagreement. The evaluation was done by four psychiatrists; a total of 38 written case-histories were evaluated (30 patients of the Psychiatric Research Institute and 8 case-histories from other centres). Diagnostic agreement according to Kappa was very good, best in organic mental disorders and schizophrenic disorders, approximately equal in affective and neurotic disorders. It was lowest in personality disorders. The investigation indicates diagnostic agreement practically equal to that in ICD-9. More reliable data will be obtained after summarization of the entire WHO investigation which was implemented in various departments in the world.

[Development of psychiatric invalidism in Bohemia 1984-1987]. / Vývoj psychiatrické invalidizace v CSR v létech 1984-1987.

The author investigated, based on computer records, the number, development, costs and abolishment of full and partial invalid pensions provided because of psychiatric diagnoses (ICD 290-319) in 1984, 1986 and 1987. The number and expenditure on psychiatric pensions increased relatively more than expenditure on other invalidating diseases. The author describes differences between the two sexes, between age groups and diagnostic categories. He calculates average costs and the average period during which full and partial invalidity pensions were paid. He gives an account of the number of deaths and reactivation of invalid pensioners the mean age at death of persons with invalidity pensions on account of mental disorders. On the whole the data doesn't indicate a favourable development of the invalidity on account of mental diseases.