Ophthalmic Parameters and Ophthalmoscopy of Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia).

Twelve adult burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) maintained in a managed environment underwent complete bilateral ophthalmic examinations to assess ocular parameters and, if present, describe lesions (n = 24 eyes). Tear production was measured with a Schirmer tear test (STT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with rebound tonometry using established calibration settings (D = dog/cat, P = other species). Retinography was performed for all birds after application of topical rocuronium bromide, and corneal diameter was measured. Menace response was absent bilaterally in 7 of 12 (58.3%) owls; however, this did not appear to be related to the presence of fundic lesions. Ocular lesions were visualized in 6 of 12 (50%) owls. The most common ophthalmic abnormality noted was mild multifocal fundic pigment clumping, suggestive of chorioretinal scarring. Other ocular lesions included 1 retinal tear and 1 incipient cataract. Mean tear production was 6.1 ± 3.0 mm/min. Mean IOPs were 11.6 ± 1.8 mm Hg and 7.1 ± 1.3 mm Hg for the D and P settings, respectively, and these were significantly different (P < 0.001). The IOP results did not differ significantly based on patient age or between the right and left eyes, but a higher mean was obtained from males versus females using the D setting (P < 0.039; male mean 12.1 ± 1.9 mm Hg; female mean 10.9 ± 1.2 mm Hg). Measurements obtained from the STT were not affected by either age or sex. Corneal height was 11 mm and width was 12 mm, regardless of age or sex. The rebound tonometer D setting is recommended for measuring IOP values in this species. Burrowing owls had inconsistent mydriasis following topical rocuronium bromide application to the eye; however, a complete fundic examination was possible with or without complete mydriasis.

Consulta com nutricionista: análise da demanda e sua utilização em um serviço de atenção primária à saúde em Porto Alegre/RS / Consultation with a nutritionist: analysis of demand and its use in a primary health care service in Porto Alegre/RS

As ações de alimentação e nutrição na Atenção Primária à Saúde impactam na saúde das pessoas, famílias e comunidade devendo alcançar todas as fases do ciclo da vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as condições de saúde mais prevalentes nas consultas individuais com nutricionista num serviço de atenção primária em um período de cinco anos. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, que utilizou dados secundários extraídos do sistema próprio do serviço, onde estão armazenados os registros de procedimentos, dados sobre indicadores e informações de saúde. A amostra foi composta pelas consultas com nutricionistas realizadas nas unidades de saúde, identificadas por meio do código do profissional no boletim de atendimento. Foram analisadas 8.523 consultas, sendo que as condições crônicas (obesidade, diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial sistêmica) foram as mais prevalentes. Houve predomínio de mulheres, sendo a população adulta (18 a 60 anos incompletos) a que mais consultou. Quanto à frequência de consultas por usuário foi encontrada a mediana de duas consultas. Concluiu-se, que o recurso do profissional nutricionista foi utilizado, prioritariamente, para tratar doenças crônicas e seus agravos, o que pode ter impedido o acesso às práticas preventivas por parte da população(AU)

Bacterial isolates of indolent ulcers in 43 dogs.

PURPOSE: To determine whether bacteria are isolated from canine indolent ulcers and evaluate their influence on clinical outcomes. METHODS: Swabs for anaerobic and aerobic culture were collected from indolent ulcers of 43 client-owned dogs presenting to the University of Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Centre. Outcomes were compared between ulcers with bacterial isolates and those without. Medical therapy was reviewed. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated in 8/43 ulcers: Three cultured two isolates and five cultured single isolates. Staphylococcus was the most common genus isolated and was present in six ulcers: Species included unspecified [2], pseudintermedius [2], schleiferi [1], and hominis [1]. Streptococcus was the second most common isolate present in two ulcers: Species included canis and agalactiae. Tobramycin was the most common antibiotic used in ulcers with bacterial isolates prior to referral (n = 3). One case did not have conclusive follow-up data from the referring veterinarian and was therefore excluded from further analysis. All seven culture-positive ulcers were recorded as healed without complication: six healing after one procedure and one healing after two procedures. Thirty-five ulcers were culture-negative. There was no difference in outcome between indolent ulcers with bacterial isolates and those with negative cultures (P = .7475). CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria were isolated from 19% of indolent ulcers, and Staphylococcus was the most common isolate. Bacterial isolation did not influence outcome.

Risk factors for equine recurrent uveitis in a population of Appaloosa horses in western Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical manifestations, measure frequency, and evaluate risk factors for equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) in Appaloosa horses in western Canada. ANIMALS: 145 Appaloosa horses. PROCEDURES: Ophthalmic examinations were completed and eyes were classified as having no or mild clinical signs, or moderate, or severe damage from ERU. Clinical signs, age, sex, base coat color, and pattern were recorded. Whole blood and/or mane hair follicles were collected for DNA extraction, and all horses were tested for the leopard complex (LP) spotting pattern allele. Pedigree analysis was completed on affected and unaffected horses, and coefficients of coancestry (CC) and inbreeding (COI) were determined. RESULTS: Equine recurrent uveitis was confirmed in 20 (14%) horses. The mean age of affected horses was 12.3 years (±5.3; range 3-25). Age was a significant risk factor for ERU diagnosis (ORyear  = 1.15) and classification (ORyear  = 1.19). The fewspot coat pattern was significantly associated with increased risk for ERU compared to horses that were minimally patterned or true solids. The LP/LP genotype was at a significantly greater risk for ERU compared to lp/lp (OR = 19.4) and LP/lp (OR = 6.37). Classification of ERU was greater in the LP/LP genotype compared to LP/lp. Affected horses had an average CC of 0.066, and there was a significant difference in the distribution of CC for affected horses versus the control group (P = .021). One affected horse was the sire or grandsire of nine other affected. CONCLUSIONS: Age, coat pattern, and genetics are major risk factors for the diagnosis and classification of ERU in the Appaloosa.

Widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX for fluorescence-guided neurosurgery: An ex vivo feasibility study.

Achieving a maximal safe extent of resection during brain tumor surgery is the goal for improved patient prognosis. Fluorescence-guided neurosurgery using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX has thereby become a valuable tool enabling a high frequency of complete resections and a prolonged progression-free survival in glioblastoma patients. We present a widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging device with 250 mm working distance, working under similar conditions such as surgical microscopes based on a time-of-flight dual tap CMOS camera. In contrast to intensity-based fluorescence imaging, our method is invariant to light scattering and absorption while being sensitive to the molecular composition of the tissue. We evaluate the feasibility of lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX using our system to analyze brain tumor phantoms and fresh 5-ALA-labeled human tissue samples. The results demonstrate the potential of our lifetime sensing device to go beyond the limitation of current intensity-based fluorescence-guided neurosurgery.

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in conscious captive European fallow deer (DAMA dama).

Normal values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production in conscious cervids have not been reported to date. Based on trends in zoological institutions to perform non-anaesthetized health exams, it is applicable to establish normal values in conscious animals, as anaesthesia and sedation can alter these parameters. The goal of this study was to estimate intraocular pressures using rebound tonometry and measure tear production values in a group of healthy, conscious, European fallow deer utilizing chute restraint. Evaluation of these values with regards to instrumentation and restraint variables will be assessed. Complete ophthalmic examinations, including estimation of IOP with rebound tonometry and measurement of tear production with Schirmer tear tests (STT) were performed on nine conscious European fallow deer (Dama dama) restrained in a chute. Correlations between IOP on the unspecified (P) and the equine (H) settings, as well as IOP and STT differences between left (OS) and right (OD) eyes were evaluated, in addition to assessment of correlations between right and left lateral recumbency on IOP and STT. Tear production measurements were 18.7 ± 5.1 mm min-1 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) range of 16.4-21.1 mm min-1 . Intraocular pressure measurements for the P setting were 16.1 ± 4.5 mmHg with a 95% CI range of 14.1-18.2 mmHg, and for the H setting were 21.5 ± 5.1 mmHg with a 95% CI range of 19.1-23.9 mmHg. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between OS and OD in any test. Neither left nor right lateral recumbency was found to have a statistically significant effect on IOP or STT. This study represents the first assessment of ophthalmic parameters in conscious fallow deer with rebound tonometry and STT.

Odontogenic parakeratinized cyst resulting in exophthalmos and palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bone erosion in a dog.

A novel case of a canine odontogenic parakeratinized cyst (COPC) that resulted in exophthalmos and palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bone erosion in a 5-year-old Chihuahua dog is reported. Final diagnosis was aided by cross-sectional imaging (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) and confirmed with histologic examination of the cyst wall.

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in western Canada: 93 cases.

This study reviewed clinical data from dogs diagnosed with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in western Canada. Medical records from the Western College of Veterinary Medicine from 2002 to 2016 showed that 93 cases of SARDS were diagnosed based on presentation for sudden blindness and a bilaterally extinguished electroretinogram. The most common pure breeds were the miniature schnauzer, dachshund, and pug. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.1 years and males and females were equally affected. Most of the dogs were presented with normal non-chromatic, but abnormal chromatic pupillary light reflexes. The incidence of retinal degeneration as detected via ophthalmoscopy increased over time after SARDS diagnosis. Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight gain, elevated liver enzyme values, isosthenuria, and proteinuria were common clinical and laboratory findings. Chromatic pupillary light reflex testing may be more valuable than non-chromatic pupillary light testing in detecting pupil response abnormalities in dogs with SARDS, although electroretinography remains the definitive diagnostic test.

Syndrome de la rétine silencieuse dans l'Ouest canadien : 93 cas. Cette étude a examiné les données cliniques provenant de chiens diagnostiqués avec le syndrome de la rétine silencieuse (syndrome de cécité soudaine acquise) dans l'Ouest canadien. Les dossiers médicaux du Western College of Veterinary Medicine de 2002 à 2016 ont montré que 93 cas du syndrome de la rétine silencieuse ont été diagnostiqués en se basant sur la présentation pour une cécité soudaine et un électrorétinogramme bilatéral sans incandescence. Les races les plus communes étaient le Schnauzer miniature, le Dachshund et le Pug. L'âge moyen au diagnostic était de 8,1 ans et les mâles et les femelles étaient également affectés. La plupart des chiens présentaient des réflexes pupillaires normaux à la lumière non chromatique mais des réflexes anormaux à la lumière chromatique. L'incidence de la dégénération rétinienne détectée par l'ophtalmoscopie a augmenté au fil du temps après le diagnostic du syndrome de la rétine silencieuse. La polyurie, la polydipsie, la polyphagie, le gain de poids, des valeurs d'enzymes hépatiques élevées, l'isosthénurie et la protéinurie étaient des résultats cliniques et de laboratoire communs. Le réflexe à la lumière pupillaire chromatique peut être plus utile que le test de la lumière pupillaire non chromatique pour détecter les anomalies de la réponse pupillaire chez les chiens atteints du syndrome de la rétine silencieuse, quoique l'électrorétinographie demeure le test diagnostique définitif.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Equine recurrent uveitis in western Canadian prairie provinces: A retrospective study (2002-2015).

The objectives of this study were to determine the demographics of horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) presenting to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and to describe and compare the prognosis of ERU in the Appaloosa with that in other breeds. Horses diagnosed with ERU by a veterinary ophthalmologist between 2002 and 2015 were included. Eye lesions were classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on clinical manifestations. Breed, age, severity, blindness, and final outcome were evaluated. Thirty-two horses fit the inclusion criteria; 62.5% were Appaloosas. Mean age at presentation was 12.13 ± 4.6 years. Equine recurrent uveitis was bilateral in 93.6% of horses and was severe in 59.4% of eyes at presentation. Bilateral blindness was present in 59.4% of horses at last follow-up. Of 27 horses available for follow-up, 63% were euthanized due to ERU. No significant differences in age, severity, blindness, or rate of euthanasia were noted between Appaloosas and other breeds. The Appaloosa is at increased risk for ERU, which is a devastating ocular disease.

Uvéite équine récurrente dans les provinces de l'Ouest canadien : étude rétrospective (2002­2015). L'objectif de cette étude consistait à déterminer les données démographiques des chevaux atteints d'uvéite équine récurrente (UER) présentés au Western College of Veterinary Medicine et de décrire et de comparer le pronostic de l'UER chez les chevaux Appaloosa avec celui des autres races. Les chevaux diagnostiqués entre 2002 et 2015 comme étant atteints de l'UER par un ophtalmologiste vétérinaire ont été inclus. Les lésions à l'œil étaient classées comme étant légères, modérées ou graves selon les manifestations cliniques. La race, l'âge, la gravité, la cécité et le résultat final ont été évalués. Trente-deux chevaux correspondaient aux critères d'inclusion : 62,5 % étaient des chevaux Appaloosa. L'âge moyen à la présentation était de 12,13 ans ± 4,6 années. L'uvéite équine récurrente était bilatérale chez 93,6 % des chevaux et était grave pour 59,4 % des yeux à la présentation. La cécité bilatérale était présente chez 59,4 % des chevaux au dernier suivi. Parmi les 27 chevaux disponibles pour le suivi, 63 % ont été euthanasiés en raison de l'UER. Aucune différence significative au niveau de l'âge, de la gravité, de la cécité ou du taux d'euthanasie n'a été signalée entre les chevaux Appaloosa et les autres races. Les chevaux Appaloosa présentent un risque accru d'UER, qui est une maladie oculaire dévastatrice.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Congenital nuclear cataracts in a Holstein dairy herd.

This report describes congenital nuclear cataracts and posterior lenticonus in a closed purebred Holstein dairy herd in Canada. Ophthalmic examinations were completed on 30 male and 249 female cattle aged newborn to 10 years old. Nutritional, infectious, and toxic etiologies were investigated. Necropsies of 3 affected calves were performed and eyes of 2 additional affected calves were examined with light microscopy. Bilateral nuclear cataracts were identified in 53/279 (19%) animals. Additional congenital anomalies observed included posterior lenticonus, iris to lens persistent pupillary membranes (n = 7), and lenticular colobomata (n = 1). Heifers did not give birth to calves with congenital nuclear cataracts (0/105), whereas the incidence of affected calves born to multiparous cows was 31% (53/171). The animals with nuclear cataracts ranged from newborn to 8 years old. The cataracts appeared to be non- or minimally progressive. Light microscopic examination of 10 affected globes confirmed nuclear cataract with posterior lenticonus (n = 10). Pedigree analysis was inconclusive. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis for the NID1 gene deletion were negative. The etiology of the congenital lenticular anomalies was not determined.

Cataractes nucléaires congénitales dans un troupeau laitier Holstein. Cette étude rapporte les résultats d'une enquête sur des cataractes nucléaires congénitales et des lenticônes postérieurs dans un troupeau laitier fermé Holstein pur-sang au Canada. Des examens ophtalmiques ont été réalisés sur 30 bovins mâles et 249 bovins femelles qui étaient âgés de nouveau-né à 10 ans. Les étiologies nutritionnelles, infectieuses et toxiques ont été étudiées. Des nécropsies ont été effectuées pour trois veaux touchés et les yeux de deux veaux affectés additionnels ont été examinés à l'aide de microscopie photonique. Des cataractes nucléaires bilatérales ont été identifiées chez 53/279 (19 %) des animaux. Les anomalies congénitales additionnelles observées incluaient le lenticône postérieur, des membranes pupillaires persistantes de l'iris à la lentille (n = 7) et le colobome lenticulaire (n = 1). Les taures n'ont pas donné naissance à des veaux avec des cataractes nucléaires congénitales (0/105), tandis que l'incidence des veaux affectés nés de vaches multipares était de 31 % (53/171). Les animaux avec des cataractes nucléaires étaient âgés de nouveau-né à 8 ans. Les cataractes semblaient être non progressives ou minimalement progressives. Un examen à l'aide d'un microscope photonique de 10 globes affectés a confirmé la cataracte nucléaire avec un lenticône postérieur (n = 10). L'analyse du pedigree a été non-concluante. Une réaction d'amplification en chaîne par la polymérase et une analyse de séquence pour la suppression du gène NID1 ont été négatives. L'étiologie des anomalies lenticulaires congénitales n'a pas été déterminée.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Alterations in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility during topical administration of ofloxacin after cataract surgery in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria after cataract surgery in dogs. ANIMALS 16 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Samples for aerobic and anaerobic culture were obtained from the conjunctival fornices of both eyes of dogs 24 hours before (week 0) and 1, 3, and 6 weeks after cataract surgery. Topical administration of ofloxacin (every 6 hours) was initiated 12 hours before surgery and continued for 3 weeks. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and a commercially available test for ofloxacin. RESULTS Frequency of positive culture results was significantly higher at week 6 than at weeks 0 and 1. Bacterial load was more likely to be moderate or high at weeks 3 and 6 than at weeks 0 and 1. The most frequently cultured organism was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (21/78 [26.9%]), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (19/78 [24.4%]). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the organism most frequently cultured at weeks 0 (5/12), 1 (4/12), and 6 (8/19), whereas frequency of this organism was lowest at week 3 (1/20). In contrast, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp were the most frequently cultured organisms at week 3 (10/20). There was a significant increase in the proportion of organisms resistant to ofloxacin at week 3, compared with the proportion at week 0. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The number of bacterial organisms increased and the population of conjunctival bacteria was altered and had a higher proportion resistant to ofloxacin during the 6 weeks after cataract surgery for dogs treated by use of this protocol.