ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The purpose of this article was to investigate the association of dietary intake with eating behavior, screen time, and physical activity among Brazilian adolescent students. This was a cross-sectional study with 14,653 adolescents attending ninth grade in 281 public and private schools in Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. Data were collected using a self-administered online questionnaire. We investigated food consumption, eating behaviors (including family meals and place where meals were eaten), screen time, and physical activity level. The consumption of healthy foods was associated with: having lunch or dinner with parents every day, having lunch at home every day, and doing physical activity for more than 4 hours/week. Whereas the consumption of unhealthy foods was associated with: eating in front of a television or a computer on a frequent basis as well as watching television and using a computer for more than 2 hours/day. Therefore, public health promotion policies aimed at adolescent students should focus on encouraging this group to have meals with their family and at home along with adopting an active lifestyle.
RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo fue investigar la asociación del consumo de alimentos con el comportamiento alimentario, con el tiempo frente a pantallas y con la actividad física entre estudiantes adolescentes brasileños. Este fue un estudio transversal con 14.653 adolescentes de noveno grado en 281 escuelas públicas y privadas de las capitales de los estados brasileños y el Distrito Federal. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando cuestionario en línea auto-administrado. Investigamos el consumo de alimentos, los comportamientos alimentarios (incluso hacer comidas en familia y el lugar donde se realizaban las comidas), el tiempo de pantalla y el nivel de actividad física. El consumo de alimentos saludables se asoció con: almorzar o cenar con los padres todos los días, almorzar en casa todos los días y realizar actividad física durante más de 4 horas por semana, mientras que el consumo de alimentos no saludables se asoció con: comer delante de la televisión o computadora con frecuencia y viendo/usando la televisión o computadora por más de 2 horas/día. Por tanto, las políticas de promoción de la salud pública dirigidas a estudiantes adolescentes deberían centrarse en alentar a este grupo a comer con sus familias y en el hogar y adoptar un estilo de vida activo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Eating , Adolescent , Feeding Behavior , Television , Exercise , Sedentary BehaviorABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Extra-facial melasma is a prevalent dermatosis in some populations with special characteristics in relation to its clinical aspects and probable etiopathogenic factors. Few studies have attempted to address this alteration of pigmentation, which has become a challenge in clinical Dermatology. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of extra-facial melasma, comparing affected, and unaffected sites. METHODS: Case-control study with 45 patients in each group (melasma and disease-free volunteers), assessing their clinical characteristics. In 36 patients, biopsies were performed on the lesion and the normal perilesional skin. Specimens were stained with HE and Fontana-Masson, and melanocytes analysed by immunohistochemistry. Objective measurements were accomplished by a specifically designed image analysis software. RESULTS: The melasma group had a mean age ± SD of 56.67 ± 8 years, the majority of them were women (86.7%) and 82.1% of the female cases had reached menopause. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of presence of comorbidities, use of medications or hormone therapies. For extra-facial melasma patients, family history of this dermatose and of previous facial melasma was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The HE staining showed increased rectification and basal hyperpigmentation, solar elastosis, and collagen degeneration in the pigmented area (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in melanin density in melasma biopsies, but the immunohistochemical tests did not detect a difference between the groups in terms of number of melanocytes. CONCLUSION: Extra-facial melasma appears to be related to menopause, family history, and personal history of facial melasma, in the studied population. Histopathology revealed a pattern similar to what has been described for facial melasma, with signs of solar degeneration, and a similar number of melanocytes, when comparing patients, and controls, suggesting that the hyperpigmentation is most likely the result of abnormal melanin production or distribution.
