Inverted device architecture for high efficiency single-layer organic light-emitting diodes with imbalanced charge transport.

Many wide-gap organic semiconductors exhibit imbalanced electron and hole transport, therefore efficient organic light-emitting diodes require a multilayer architecture of electron- and hole-transport materials to confine charge recombination to the emissive layer. Here, we show that even for emitters with imbalanced charge transport, it is possible to obtain highly efficient single-layer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), without the need for additional charge-transport and blocking layers. For hole-dominated emitters, an inverted single-layer device architecture with ohmic bottom-electron and top-hole contacts moves the emission zone away from the metal top electrode, thereby more than doubling the optical outcoupling efficiency. Finally, a blue-emitting inverted single-layer OLED based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence is achieved, exhibiting a high external quantum efficiency of 19% with little roll-off at high brightness, demonstrating that balanced charge transport is not a prerequisite for highly efficient single-layer OLEDs.

Peri-Alkylated Terrylenes and Ternaphthalenes Building-Blocks Towards Multi-Edge Nanographenes.

Since its first synthesis by Clar in 1948, terrylene - a fully connected ternaphthalene oligomer via naphthalene's peri-positions - has gained special focus within the rylene family, drawing interest for its unique chemical, structural, optoelectronic and single photon emission properties. In this study, we introduce a novel synthetic pathway that enhances the solubility of terrylene derivatives through complete peri-alkylation, while also facilitating extensions at the bay-positions. This approach not only broadens the scope of terrylene's chemical versatility but also opens new avenues for developing solution processable novel multi-edge nanographenes and tailoring electronic energy levels through topological edge structures. Our findings include a comprehensive structural and spectroscopic characterization along with transient absorption spectroscopy and photophysics of both the synthesized peri-alkylated terrylene and its phenylene-fused derivative.

Stable π-Extended Thio[7]helicene-Based Diradical with Predominant Through-Space Spin-Spin Coupling.

In this work, a novel π-extended thio[7]helicene scaffold was synthesized, where the α-position of the thiophene unit could be functionalized with bulky phenoxy radicals after considerable synthetic attempts. This open-shell helical diradical, ET7H-R, possesses high stability in the air, nontrivial π conjugation, persistent chirality, and a high diradical character (y0 of 0.998). The key feature is a predominant through-space spin-spin coupling (TSC) between two radicals at the helical terminals. Variable-temperature continuous-wave electron spin resonance (cw-ESR) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry in the solid state reveal a singlet ground state with a nearly degenerate triplet state of ET7H-R. These results highlight the significance of a stable helical diradicaloid as a promising platform for investigating intramolecular TSCs.

Synthesis and photoinduced behavior of DPP-anchored nitronyl nitroxides: a multifaceted approach.

Understanding and controlling spin dynamics in organic dyes is of significant scientific and technological interest. The investigation of 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[4,3-c]pyrrolo-1,4-dione derivatives (DPPs), one of the most widely used dyes in many fields, has so far been limited to closed-shell molecules. We present a comprehensive joint experimental and computational study of DPP derivatives covalently linked to two nitronyl nitroxide radicals (DPPTh-NN2). Synthesis, single crystal X-ray diffraction study, photophysical properties, magnetic properties established using steady-state and pulse EPR, fast spin dynamics, and computational modelling using density functional theory and ab initio methods of electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of DPPTh-NN2 are presented. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of DPPTh-NN2 and computational modeling of its electronic structure suggest that effective conjugation along the backbone leads to noticeable spin-polarization transfer. Calculations using ab initio methods predict a weak exchange interaction of radical centers through a singlet ground state of DPPTh with a small singlet-triplet splitting (ΔEST) of about 25 cm-1 (∼0.07 kcal mol-1). In turn, a strong ferromagnetic exchange interaction between the triplet state of DPPTh chromophore and nitronyl nitroxides (with J ∼ 250 cm-1) was predicted.

A Terrylene-Anthraquinone Dyad as a Chromophore for Photothermal Therapy in the NIR-II Window.

A terrylenedicarboximide-anthraquinone dyad, FTQ, with absorption in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II) is obtained as a high-performance chromophore for photothermal therapy (PTT). The synthetic route proceeds by C-N coupling of amino-substituted terrylenedicarboximide (TMI) and 1,4-dichloroanthraquinone followed by alkaline-promoted dehydrocyclization. FTQ with extended π-conjugation exhibits an optical absorption band peaking at 1140 nm and extending into the 1500 nm range. Moreover, as determined by dielectric spectroscopy in dilute solutions, FTQ achieves an ultrastrong dipole moment of 14.4 ± 0.4 Debye due to intense intramolecular charge transfer. After encapsulation in a biodegradable polyethylene glycol (DSPE-mPEG2000), FTQ nanoparticles (NPs) deliver a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 49% under 1064 nm laser irradiation combined with excellent biocompatibility, photostability, and photoacoustic imaging capability. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal the great potential of FTQ NPs in photoacoustic-imaging-guided photothermal therapy for orthotopic liver cancer treatment in the NIR-II window.

Elimination of charge-carrier trapping by molecular design.

A common obstacle of many organic semiconductors is that they show highly unipolar charge transport. This unipolarity is caused by trapping of either electrons or holes by extrinsic impurities, such as water or oxygen. For devices that benefit from balanced transport, such as organic light-emitting diodes, organic solar cells and organic ambipolar transistors, the energy levels of the organic semiconductors are ideally situated within an energetic window with a width of 2.5 eV where charge trapping is strongly suppressed. However, for semiconductors with a band gap larger than this window, as used in blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes, the removal or disabling of charge traps poses a longstanding challenge. Here we demonstrate a molecular strategy where the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital are spatially separated on different parts of the molecules. By tuning their stacking by modification of the chemical structure, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals can be spatially protected from impurities that cause electron trapping, increasing the electron current by orders of magnitude. In this way, the trap-free window can be substantially broadened, opening a path towards large band gap organic semiconductors with balanced and trap-free transport.

Spirobifluorene Mediating the Spin-Spin Coupling of Nitronyl Nitroxide Diradicals.

To investigate the mechanism of this spiro conjugation magnetic behavior, we designed and synthesized three diradicals─22'SBF-NN, 44'SBF-NN, and 27SBF-NN. They are bridged by spirobifluorene and nitronyl nitroxide (NN) diradicals as the spin centers. Notably, by SQUID and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) zero-field splitting data analyses, the 22'SBF-NN and 27SBF-NN diradicals exhibit intramolecular, distinctly antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling, with 2J(22'SBF-NN)/kB = -5.86 K and 2J(27SBF-NN)/kB = -24.6 K, respectively. The AF of 22'SBF-NN is opposite to that predicted by the spin density alternation rule based on Hund's rule. Diradical intramolecular conjugation coupling bridged by spiro-carbon conjugation is discussed, in which the 22'SBF-NN is smaller than that of 27SBF-NN, corresponding to the room-temperature EPR characterization. This spiro conjugation is weaker than the traditional planar conjugation and generally leads to a weaker spin-spin coupling in the helical biradical molecule. The EPR spectrum of the 44'SBF-NN diradical shows a deformed nine-line curve, indicating intramolecular exchange coupling. The density functional theory calculation gives a very weak coupling constant of 2Jcalc/kB = 0.06 K, with ferromagnetic (FM) interaction as the proof, which is consistent with the spin-polarized prediction. Further analysis of magnetic susceptibility χm and VT-EPR data shows that there is indeed an extremely weak FM interaction in the 44' position diradical. We find the bridge, which is a 44' substituted SBF structure, blocks the conjugation and contains a larger twist in steric hindrance, which also hampers sufficient spin density delocalization, resulting in a much weaker spin coupling interaction. Combined with the analysis of molecular orbital calculation results, the anomalous intramolecular AF coupling mechanism of 22'SBF-NN is further explained.

First genome-wide association study of esophageal atresia identifies three genetic risk loci at CTNNA3, FOXF1/FOXC2/FOXL1, and HNF1B.

Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is the most common congenital malformation of the upper digestive tract. This study represents the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify risk loci for EA/TEF. We used a European case-control sample comprising 764 EA/TEF patients and 5,778 controls and observed genome-wide significant associations at three loci. On chromosome 10q21 within the gene CTNNA3 (p = 2.11 × 10-8; odds ratio [OR] = 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.10-5.00), on chromosome 16q24 next to the FOX gene cluster (p = 2.25 × 10-10; OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.38-1.55) and on chromosome 17q12 next to the gene HNF1B (p = 3.35 × 10-16; OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.64-1.87). We next carried out an esophageal/tracheal transcriptome profiling in rat embryos at four selected embryonic time points. Based on these data and on already published data, the implicated genes at all three GWAS loci are promising candidates for EA/TEF development. We also analyzed the genetic EA/TEF architecture beyond the single marker level, which revealed an estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability of around 37% ± 14% standard deviation. In addition, we examined the polygenicity of EA/TEF and found that EA/TEF is less polygenic than other complex genetic diseases. In conclusion, the results of our study contribute to a better understanding on the underlying genetic architecture of ET/TEF with the identification of three risk loci and candidate genes.

Benchmarking of Density Functionals for the Description of Optical Properties of Newly Synthesized π-Conjugated TADF Blue Emitters.

Computational modeling of the optical characteristics of organic molecules with potential for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) may assist markedly the development of more efficient emitting materials for organic light-emitting diodes. Recent theoretical studies in this area employ mostly methods from density functional theory (DFT). In order to obtain accurate predictions within this approach, the choice of a proper functional is crucial. In the current study, we focus on testing the performance of a set of DFT functionals for estimation of the excitation and emission energy and the excited singlet-triplet energy gap of three newly synthesized compounds with capacity for TADF. The emitters are designed specifically to enable charge transfer by π-electron conjugation, at the same time possessing high-energy excited triplet states. The functionals chosen for testing are from various groups ranging from gradient-corrected through global hybrids to range-separated ones. The results show that the monitored optical properties are especially sensitive to how the long-range part of the exchange energy is treated within the functional. The accurate functional should also be able to provide well balanced distribution of the π-electrons among the molecular fragments. Global hybrids with moderate (less than 0.4) share of exact exchange (B3LYP, PBE0) and the meta-GGA HSE06 are outlined as the best performing methods for the systems under study. They can predict all important optical parameters correctly, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Frequency of synchronous malignant liver lesions initially detected by ultrasound in patients with newly diagnosed underlying non-hematologic malignant disease: a retrospective study in 434 patients.

INTRODUCTION: This study described the frequency of malignant synchronous focal liver lesions (FLLs) in patients with newly diagnosed non-hematologic malignant disease. METHODS: From June 2013 to January 2017, 434 patients with synchronous FLLs and newly diagnosed underlying malignant disease were included in the study. The diagnosis of the FLLs was made by histology and/or contrast-enhanced imaging. The final medical report was used for analysis in the study. RESULTS: Of the 434 liver lesions, 258 (59.4%) were malignant and 176 (40.6%) benign. All malignant lesions were metastases. The benign liver lesions were comprised of 93 cysts (21.4%), 52 hemangiomas (12.0%), 20 focal fatty sparing (4.6%), 4 focal nodular hyperplasia (0.9%), 3 unspecified benign lesions (0.7%), 2 regenerative nodules (0.5%), 1 calcification (0.2%), and 1 adenoma (0.2%). Diseases with the highest percentage frequency of synchronous malignant FLLs were cholangiocarcinoma with 86.7%, neuroendocrine tumor with 72.7%, and pancreatic carcinoma with 72.0%. Gastric carcinoma (33.3%), breast carcinoma (44.4%), and urothelial cell carcinoma (45.5%) were the diseases with the lowest percentage frequency of synchronous malignant FLLs. CONCLUSION: In total, the frequency of malignant synchronous FLLs in newly diagnosed non-hematologic malignant disease was 59.4%. In particular, cholangiocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumor, and pancreatic carcinoma were the diseases with the highest rate of synchronous malignant FLLs.

Dicyclopentaannelated Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes with a Singlet Biradical Ground State.

Synthesis of two dicyclopentaannelated hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (PHBC) regioisomers was carried out, using nonplanar oligoaryl precursors with fluorenyl groups: mPHBC 8 with two pentagons in the "meta"-configuration was obtained as a stable molecule, while its structural isomer with the "para"-configuration, pPHBC 16, could be generated and characterized only in situ due to its high chemical reactivity. Both PHBCs exhibit low energy gaps, as reflected by UV-vis-NIR absorption and electrochemical measurements. They also show open-shell singlet ground states according to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The use of fully benzenoid HBC as a bridging moiety leads to significant singlet biradical characters (y0 ) of 0.72 and 0.96 for mPHBC 8 and pPHBC 16, respectively, due to the strong rearomatization tendency of the HBC π-system; these values are among the highest for planar carbon-centered biradical molecules. The incorporation of fully unsaturated pentagons strongly perturbs the aromaticity of the parent HBC and makes the constituted benzene rings less aromatic or antiaromatic. These results illustrate the high impact of cyclopentaannelation on the electronic structures of fully benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and open up a new avenue towards open-shell PAHs with prominent singlet biradical characters.

Rigidly Fused Spiro-Conjugated π-Systems.

Spiro-fused π-systems have gained considerable attention for their application as semiconductors in molecular electronics. Here, a synopsis regarding recent breakthroughs in ladderized spirobifluorenes and indeno-spirobifluorenes, along with further spiro-condensed heteroatomic hydrocarbons with donor-acceptor moieties, is provided. Additionally, an extended range of rigid spirobifluorene polymers and specific doubly linked spiro-systems with partial chiral character is discussed. The diverse applications of the aforementioned structures are thoroughly evaluated.

On-Surface Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction of Dibromo-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene.

On-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions is a powerful tool to achieve molecular structures that cannot be accessed via traditional wet chemistry. Nevertheless, only a very limited number of chemical reactions out of the wide variety known from solution chemistry have been reported to proceed readily on atomically flat substrates. Cycloadditions are a class of reactions that are particularly important in the synthesis of sp2-hybridized carbon-based nanostructures. Here, we report on a specific type of [4 + 2] cycloaddition, namely, a dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction, performed between bis(phenylethynyl)-benzene precursors on Au(111). Unlike a Diels-Alder reaction, DDA exploits ethynyl groups to achieve the formation of an extra six-membered ring. Despite its extensive use in solution chemistry for more than a century, this reaction has never been reported to occur on surfaces. The specific choice of our precursor molecule has led to the successful synthesis of benzo- and naphtho-fused tetracene and heptacene products bearing styryl groups, as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. The two products arise from dimerization and trimerization of the precursor molecules, respectively, and their observation opens perspectives to use DDA reactions as a novel on-surface synthesis tool.

A Weakly Antiferromagnetically Coupled Biradical Combining Verdazyl with Nitronylnitroxide Units.

An antiferromagnetically (AFM) coupled biradical based on oxoverdazyl and nitronylnitroxide was synthesized in 46 % yield using Sonogashira coupling. The obtained heterobiradical evidenced distinct properties of both radical entities in solution. Depending on the solvent, the prepared biradical crystallized in two different forms. SQUID magnetization measurements on Form II showed coupling constants JintraII /kB =-2.1 K and zJinterII /kB =-11.5 K. Consequently, total intermolecular exchange interactions are five times larger than the intramolecular ones. Further, DFT calculations explained this phenomenon and indicated the advantage of Form I for further in-depth investigations.

Dithienopyrrole Derivatives with Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals and Their Oxidation to Cationic High-Spin Molecules.

Three 1 N-phenyl nitronyl nitroxide (NN) 4-substituted dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (DTP) derivatives with R1=4-phenyl-, 4H-, and 4-methylthiothiophenyl- (R1 2 DTP-Ph-NN, R1 =H, Ph and MeSTh) were designed, synthesized and characterized. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). All the molecules exhibited two main oxidation peaks, first for radical cation and next for dication formation. The cation and dication formation were also confirmed by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy for Ph2 DTP-Ph-NN and MeSTh2 DTP-Ph-NN titrated with tris(4-bromophenyl)aminiumhexachloroantimonate (magic blue). In addition, the cation and dication formation were verified by EPR spectroscopy. Finally, the exchange interactions (J/kB ) of NN and radical cation were calculated by DFT studies.

Open-Shell Nonbenzenoid Nanographenes Containing Two Pairs of Pentagonal and Heptagonal Rings.

Nonbenzenoid carbocyclic rings are postulated to serve as important structural elements toward tuning the chemical and electronic properties of extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, or namely nanographenes), necessitating a rational and atomically precise synthetic approach toward their fabrication. Here, using a combined bottom-up in-solution and on-surface synthetic approach, we report the synthesis of nonbenzenoid open-shell nanographenes containing two pairs of embedded pentagonal and heptagonal rings. Extensive characterization of the resultant nanographene in solution shows a low optical gap, and an open-shell singlet ground state with a low singlet-triplet gap. Employing ultra-high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we conduct atomic-scale structural and electronic studies on a cyclopenta-fused derivative on a Au(111) surface. The resultant five to seven rings embedded nanographene displays an extremely narrow energy gap of 0.27 eV and exhibits a pronounced open-shell biradical character close to 1 (y0 = 0.92). Our experimental results are supported by mean-field and multiconfigurational quantum chemical calculations. Access to large nanographenes with a combination of nonbenzenoid topologies and open-shell character should have wide implications in harnessing new functionalities toward the realization of future organic electronic and spintronic devices.

Cyclopenta[b]thiopyran and cyclopenta[b]selenopyran based heteroarenes: electronic communication between S- and/or Se-fused aromatics.

S- and Se-heteroarenes containing cyclopenta[b]thiopyran and/or cyclopenta[b]selenopyran moieties have been synthesized via PtCl2-catalyzed ring-expanding cycloaromatizations. Intervalence charge transfer bands can be observed for the three heteroarenes upon chemical oxidation, suggesting the electronic communication between S- and/or Se-fused aromatics.

Three-Dimensional Pyrene-Fused N-Heteroacenes.

Four three-dimensional (3D) pyrene-fused N-heteroacenes (P1-P4) are designed and synthesized. From P1 to P4, their lengths are extended in an iterative way, where the thiadiazole unit can be reduced to diamine and the obtained diamines can be further condensed with the diketones with a thiadiazole unit. Compared to their two-dimensional counterparts, the solubility of these 3D pyrene-fused N-heteroacenes is improved by this 3D covalent linkage with two-dimensional units. The diameters of P1-P4 are 3.66, 6.06, 8.48 and 10.88 nm, respectively, and these 3D molecules are characterized by 1H, 13C and 2D NMR, MS, UV-vis, PL and CV spectra. Our strategy shows a promising way to large 3D pyrene-fused N-heteroacenes.

Regioselective Bromination and Functionalization of Dibenzo[hi,st]ovalene as Highly Luminescent Nanographene with Zigzag Edges.

Dibenzo[hi,st]ovalene (DBOV) is a nanographene with a combination of zigzag and armchair edges, consisting of 38 sp2 carbons. Excellent optical properties with strong red emission have been demonstrated. Here we report the regioselective bromination of DBOV bearing two mesityl groups (DBOV-Mes) by treatment with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under mild conditions. The dibrominated DBOV was further subjected to transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, that is, Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling, demonstrating the edge-decoration of DBOV with different functional groups. Notably, DBOVs arylated at the bay regions showed intense red emission and enhanced fluorescence quantum yields of up to 0.97. Amphoteric reduction and oxidation behavior were observed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Chemical oxidation to stable radical cation species was also demonstrated, followed by reduction back to their neutral species.

Planar Benzo[1,2- b:4,5- b']dithiophene Derivatives Decorated with Nitronyl and Imino Nitroxides.

Four weakly antiferromagnetic interacting biradicals of benzo[1,2- b:4,5- b']dithiophene (BDT) and BDT extended with two thiophenes (BDTTh2) linked with nitronyl and imino nitroxides (NN and IN) as BDT-NN, BDT-IN, BDTTh2-NN, and BDTTh2-IN were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Short intermolecular π-π distances were found (3.42 Å) for BDT-NN, whereas larger ones were found for BDT-IN (3.54 Å) and BDTTh2-NN (3.67 Å), respectively. Intramolecular magnetic interaction ( Jintra,exp/ kB) of BDT-NN (-26 K) is much larger than for BDT-IN (-5.3 K), while it is reduced for the dithiophene-extended molecule BDTTh2-NN (-2.3 K). Intermolecular interactions ( zJinter,exp/ kB) of BDT-NN (-6.5 K) and BDT-IN (-6.0 K) are stronger than for BDTTh2-NN (-4.6 K). Such large intermolecular couplings resulting from good π-stacking mark BDT-IN and BDTTh2-NN as promising crystalline materials with similar sized Jintra and Jinter. In addition, we also extracted a coupling within the chain of Jchain/ kB = -2.2 K and a coupling between the chains of zJinterchain = -1.5 K for BDTTh2-NN by a Heisenberg chain model. Intra- and intermolecular interactions and spin densities were examined by DFT studies.