ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Thyroxine (T(4)) in supraphysiological doses has been found to be an effective supplemental treatment in open studies for refractory mood disorders. Unexpectedly, only minimal side effects have been reported. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether healthy controls and depressed patients differ in their ability to tolerate supraphysiological doses of T(4). METHODS: This was an 8-week open study to investigate side effects and levels of thyroid hormones in 13 healthy controls and to compare results with those of 13 patients with refractory depression (unipolar and bipolar) undergoing the similar procedures and T(4) dosing regimen in a previous augmentation study. RESULTS: The rate of discontinuation due to side effects was significantly higher in the control group than for the patients (38% versus 0%). The severity of the side effects in the controls increased significantly during treatment with T(4). The side effect scores of the patients were higher than those of the controls prior to T(4) treatment, but did not change significantly during the treatment period. Although the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones rose significantly in both groups, concentrations of fT(3) and fT(4) were significantly higher in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy controls and depressed patients respond significantly differently to supraphysiological T(4). Healthy controls experience higher elevations of thyroid hormones in response to supraphysiological T(4), thus inducing significantly more side effects and discontinuation. LIMITATIONS: Open-label study; groups were studied at different times; in contrast to healthy controls, depressed patients were also taking antidepressants. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Studies provide safety and tolerability data on treatment with supraphysiological doses of T(4).
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Thyroxine/administration & dosage , Adult , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Bipolar Disorder/blood , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/blood , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Reference Values , Thyroid Function Tests , Thyroxine/adverse effects , Thyroxine/blood , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Cognitive disturbance is commonly associated with disorders of the thyroid gland, particularly hypothyroidism, and usually subsides following thyroid hormone replacement therapy. In contrast, the effects of thyroid hormones on cognitive functions in healthy individuals have rarely been studied. The goal of this open-label study was to investigate the short-term effects (duration of administration 45 days on average) of supraphysiological doses of L-thyroxine (L-T(4)) on cognitive performance in young, euthyroid, healthy subjects. Eleven subjects performed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, once without and once during administration of supraphysiological doses of L-T(4). There were no significant differences in any of the cognitive test results between the two test sessions. The results of this study do not support our working hypothesis that thyroid hormone can change cognitive performance in young, euthyroid, healthy individuals.
