Circulating MicroRNAs and myocardial involvement severity in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy.

Background: Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCM) is characterized by a unique pathophysiology in which inflammatory, microvascular and neuroendocrine processes coalesce in the development of one of the most severe cardiomyopathies affecting humans. Despite significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in this disease, scarce information is available regarding microRNAs and clinical parameters of disease severity. We aimed to evaluate the association between circulating levels of six microRNAs with markers of myocardial injury and prognosis in this population. Methods: Patients with CCM and reduced ejection fraction were included in a prospective exploratory cohort study. We assessed the association of natural log-transformed values of six circulating microRNAs (miR-34a-5p, miR-208a-5p, miR-185-5p, miR-223-5p, let-7d-5p, and miR-454-5p) with NT-proBNP levels and echocardiographic variables using linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. By using Cox Proportional Hazard models, we examined whether levels of microRNAs could predict a composite outcome (CO), including all-cause mortality, cardiac transplantation, and implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Finally, for mRNAs showing significant associations, we predicted the target genes and performed pathway analyses using Targetscan and Reactome Pathway Browser. Results: Seventy-four patients were included (59% males, median age: 64 years). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and heart failure medications, only increasing miR-223-5p relative expression levels were significantly associated with better myocardial function markers, including left atrium area (Coef. -10.2; 95% CI -16.35; -4.09), end-systolic (Coef. -45.3; 95% CI -74.06; -16.61) and end-diastolic volumes (Coef. -46.1; 95% CI -81.99; -10.26) of the left ventricle. Moreover, we observed that higher miR-223-5p levels were associated with better left-ventricle ejection fraction and lower NT-proBNP levels. No associations were observed between the six microRNAs and the composite outcome. A total of 123 target genes for miR-223-5p were obtained. From these, several target pathways mainly related to signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases were identified. Conclusions: The present study found an association between miR-223-5p and clinical parameters of CCM, with signaling pathways related to receptor tyrosine kinases as a potential mechanism linking low levels of miR-223-5p with CCM worsening.

Vascular Age, Metabolic Panel, Cardiovascular Risk and Inflammaging in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared With Patients With Osteoarthritis.

Introduction: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is 1.5-2 times higher than the general population. The fundamental risk factor for CVD is age, related to alterations at the arterial level. The aim of the study was to compare vascular age (VA) in RA patients under a strict treat-to-target (T2T) strategy with Osteoarthritis (OA) patients without strict follow up and to assess the influence of inflammaging (chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation related to aging) and metabolic markers on VA. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. Patients with RA (under a strict a T2T strategy) and OA patients without strict clinical follow-up were included. Patients with a history of uncontrolled hypertension, CVD, and/or current smoking were excluded. Sociodemographic, physical activity, and toxic exposure data were obtained. Waist-hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) were measured. DAS-28 (RA) and inflammatory markers, lipid profile, and glycaemia were analyzed. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured (oscillometric method, Arteriograph-TensioMed®). VA was calculated based on PWV. Eleven components of inflammaging [six interleukins, three metalloproteinases (MMP), and two tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)] were evaluated (Luminex® system). Univariate and bivariate analyzes (Mann Whitney U and chi-square) and correlations (Spearmans Rho) were done to compare the two groups. Results: A total of 106 patients (74% women) were included, 52/RA and 54/OA. The mean age was 57 (Interquartile range - IQR 9 years). The BMI, waist circumference, and weight were higher in patients with OA (p < 0.001). RA patients had low disease activity (DAS-28-CRP). There were no differences in VA, inflammaging nor in PWV between the two groups. VA had a positive, but weak correlation, with age and LDL. In group of RA, VA was higher in those who did not receive methotrexate (p = 0.013). LDL levels correlated with MMP1, TIMP1, and TIMP2. Conclusions: When comparing RA patients with low levels of disease activity with OA patients with poor metabolic control, there are no differences in VA. Furthermore, methotrexate also influences VA in RA patients. This shows that implemented therapies may have an impact on not only the inflammatory state of the joint but also CVD risk.

A model of metformin mitochondrial metabolism in metachromatic leukodystrophy: first description of human Schwann cells transfected with CRISPR-Cas9.

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a neurological lysosomal deposit disease that affects public health despite its low incidence in the population. Currently, few reports are available on pathophysiological events related to enzyme deficiencies and subsequent sulfatide accumulation. This research aims to examine the use of metformin as an alternative treatment to counteract these effects. This was evaluated in human Schwann cells (HSCs) transfected or non-transfected with CRISPR-Cas9, and later treated with sulfatides and metformin. This resulted in transfected HSCs showing a significant increase in cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) production when exposed to 100 µM sulfatides (p = 0.0007), compared to non-transfected HSCs. Sulfatides at concentrations of 10 to 100 µM affected mitochondrial bioenergetics in transfected HSCs. Moreover, these analyses showed that transfected cells showed a decrease in basal and maximal respiration rates after exposure to 100 µM sulfatide. However, maximal and normal mitochondrial respiratory capacity decreased in cells treated with both sulfatide and metformin. This study has provided valuable insights into bioenergetic and mitochondrial effects of sulfatides in HSCs for the first time. Treatment with metformin (500 µM) restored the metabolic activity of these cells and decreased ROS production.

Circulating DHEA-S levels and major cardiovascular outcomes in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) diagnosis. BACKGROUND: DHEA-S is among the main endogenous steroid hormones. Some studies have suggested a relevant role of this hormone in infections and the setting of CCM. Nevertheless, no study has evaluated the prognostic role of DHEA-S in CCM patients. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Patients with CCM and reduced ejection fraction were included. We explored the association of DHEA-S levels with NT-proBNP levels and echocardiographic variables using linear regression models. Next, by using Cox Proportional Hazard models, we examined whether levels of DHEA-S could predict a composite outcome (CO) including all-cause mortality, cardiac transplantation, and implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were included (59% males, median age: 64 years). After adjustment for confounding factors, high DHEA-S levels were associated with better LVEF, lower left atrium volume, end-systolic volume of the left ventricle and lower NT-proBNP levels. 43% of patients experienced the CO during a median follow-up of 40 months. Increased levels of DHEA-S were associated with a lower risk of developing the CO (HR 0.43; 95%CI 0.21-0.86). Finally, adding DHEA-S to the multivariate model did not improve the prediction of the CO, but substituting NT-proBNP in the model with DHEA-S showed similar performance. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CCM, higher DHEA-S levels were associated with lower mortality, heart transplantation, and LVAD implantation. Further larger studies are required to confirm our results and assess causality.

Variables pre-analíticas que afectan las concentraciones de homocisteína: aplicación para biobancos con fines de investigación / Pre-analytical variables that affect homocysteine concentrations: applications for research biobanks

Objetivo: El presente estudio evaluó el impacto de variables pre-analíticas sobre las concentraciones séricas de la homocisteína y su posible aplicación en biobancos con fines de investigación. Metodología: En diez adultos voluntarios auto declarados sanos, se tomaron muestras de sangre periférica bajo diferentes condiciones de ayuno, posición de toma de la muestra (supino versus sentada) y diferentes intervalos de tiempo entre la toma y la separación definitiva de componentes. Todas las alícuotas fueron almacenadas a - 800C en el biobanco hasta el momento de ser procesadas. La medición de homocisteína se hizo por duplicado en Immulite® 2000. Se realizó análisis de concordancia por medio de coeficiente de Lin (σ) y MANOVA. Resultados: La medición de homocisteína es altamente reproducible (σ=0.908, IC95% 0.861 a 0.955), sin que el ayuno o el tiempo de centrifugación de la muestra afecte su concentración. Sin embargo, la posición al momento de la toma de muestra, implica una reducción media de 14.2% (IC95% 8.4% a 20.0%) en la concentración de homocisteína en posición decúbito supino versus la toma en posición sentado. Conclusión: La homocisteína es un biomarcador estable, sin que su valor se vea alterado por variables pre-analíticas como los tiempos entre toma de muestra, centrifugación y separación de componentes (almacenamiento temporal a 4°C hasta 24 horas). Sin embargo, la postura del participante al momento de la toma de muestra produce una variabilidad significativa. Estos hallazgos reiteran el papel de un biobanco en la estandarización de los procesos de toma, manipulación, almacenamiento y gestión con criterios de excelencia. [Serrano NC, Páez MC, Bautista PK, Díaz-Martínez LA, Guío E. Variables pre-analíticas que afectan las concentraciones de homocisteína: Aplicación para biobancos con fines de investigación.

Objective: This study evaluated the impact of pre-analytical variables on serum concentrations of homocysteine, and its possible applications in biobanks for research purposes. Methods: Peripheral blood samples from ten self-reported healthy volunteers were obtained under different conditions of fasting and body position (supine and sitting). Blood samples were temporarily stored for different time intervals between its collection and its centrifugation. All aliquots were stored at -80ºC in our biobank until processing. Duplicate Homocysteine measurements were performed in Immulite® 2000. A concordance analysis was performed using Lin coefficient (σ) and MANOVA. Results: The measurement of homocysteine is highly reproducible (σ = 0.908, 95% CI 0861-0955) and fasting or time before centrifugation does not affect its concentration. However, we found an average reduction of 14.2% (95% CI 8.4% to 20.0%) for the Hcy levels in samples obtained when the subjects were in supine position as compared to the levels in sitting position. Conclusion: Homocysteine levels are stable, when the blood samples remain without centrifugation, up to 24 hours at 4ºC. However, body position of the participant at the time of sampling can affect Hcy levels. These findings highlight the role of biobanks in standardizing, handling and storing biological samples with excellence criteria. [Serrano NC, Páez MC, Bautista PK, Díaz-Martínez LA, Guío E. Pre-analytical variables that affect homocysteine concentrations: Applications for research biobanks.