ABSTRACT
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are storage granules found in bacteria that are essentially hydroxy fatty acid polyesters. PHA molecules appear in variety of structures, and amongst all types of PHAs, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is used in versatile fields as it is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and ecologically safe thermoplastic. The unique physicochemical characteristics of these PHAs have made them applicable in nanotechnology, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications. In this review, the optimization, extraction, and characterization of PHAs are described. Their production and application in nanotechnology are also portrayed in this review, and the precise and various production methods of PHA-based nanoparticles, such as emulsion solvent diffusion, nanoprecipitation, and dialysis are discussed. The characterization techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, Zeta Potential, and XRD are also elaborated.
ABSTRACT
The knowhow followed for synthesis, characterization and application of nanomaterials has become an important branch of nanoscience. The use of marine sponges for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is still in the budding level of current nanobiotechnology. This paper reports a single step one pot biosynthesis utilizing marine sponge (Haliclona exigua) extract as a reducing agent by means of a conventional ultrasonic bath on the formation and growth of flower like silver nanocolloids. These silver nanocolloids were characterized through UV visible spectroscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray Diffractometer. Further, antibacterial activity and antiproliferative activity were done against oral biofilm bacteria and oral cancer cell lines for the biosynthesized flower like silver nanocolloids. Water soluble organic amines were responsible for the syntheses of nanomaterials which have a size range from 100 to 120 nm. An average size of 9.1 mm zone of inhibition was recorded with 10.0 µg of silver nanocolloids against oral biofilm bacteria. The estimated half maximal inhibitory concentration value for flower like silver nanocolloids was 0.6 µg/ml for oral cancer cell lines.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Nanostructures/chemistry , Porifera/chemistry , Silver/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism , Aquatic Organisms/chemistry , Bacteria/drug effects , Cell Extracts/isolation & purification , Cell Line, Tumor , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Nanostructures/ultrastructure , Silver/pharmacology , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Spectrum Analysis , Ultrasonic Waves , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Macrophages transformed foam cell formation occurs as a result of leukocyte accumulation mediated through intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), and E-selectin, secreted by inflamed or damaged endothelium. The key molecule is the ICAM-1, member of the adhesion immunoglobulin super family that maps to chromosome 19 p13.2-p13.3 codes for 505 amino acids have five extracellular domains including circulatory leukocytes binding site (primarily monocytes) for recruiting it at the sites of inflammation and the tight adhesion with vascular endothelium for the above mentioned pathogenesis as an initial step. Hence the objective of the current paper is to review the Genome Wide Association (GWA) studies and summarizes its understanding of functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP's) of ICAM-1 clinical association to provide better guidance for the clinicians and researchers of the merits, demerits of the current results and direct them to do research on larger number of population for better prospective.
