The Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast in the Management of Psoriatic Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory skin disease that is associated with other conditions, one of them being psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Apremilast, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, displayed promising results in multiple trials for patients with PsA. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to showcase its efficacy and safety when compared to placebo. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was adopted after registration on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42023476245). Four databases were systematically searched from their inception until October 25, 2023. As a result, five randomized controlled trials were included with 1,849 participants, after thorough screening. The primary efficacy endpoint evaluated in this meta-analysis was the American College of Rheumatology Response Criteria 20 (ACR20). The results significantly favored apremilast (risk ratio [RR] = 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66-2.21; P < 0.00001; I2= 0%) as opposed to placebo. Similarly, secondary efficacy endpoints, ACR50 (RR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.79-3.06; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%), ACR70 (RR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.62-5.18; P = 0.0003; I2 = 0%), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire and Disability Index (HAQ-DI; standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.26, 95% CI -0.34 to -0.17; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) were also in significant favor of apremilast. However, apremilast had a higher occurrence of gastrointestinal adverse events than placebo (RR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.12-1.30; P < 0.00001; I2 = 19%). To conclude, apremilast shows promising efficaciousness with some nonserious side effects when compared to placebo, but further trials are needed for comparison with other management lines.

A pediatric case of double gallbladder with gallstone.

Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly and an asymptomatic condition. However, it can sometimes present with abdominal pain. Gallbladder pathology requires precise diagnosis and a surgical procedure to relieve its symptoms. Here, we discuss a case of a child suffered from a congenital heart disease who presented with double gallbladder having gallstones. The case was resolved via surgical intervention without postoperative complications.