[Arterial hypertension and sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in primary care]. / Hipertensión arterial y síndrome de apneas-hipoapneas del sueño en atención primaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is frequent in hypertensive patients and plays a role in a greater incidence of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality. This study aims to know the clinical profile of hypertensive patients with SAHS compared to hypertensive patients without SAHS to know which variables should be used to orient their screening from primary care. METHODOLOGY: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of cases (hypertensive patients with SAHS) and controls (hypertensive patients without) was performed in an urban health care center. Based on a computerized registry of the site, patients diagnosed of SAHS and hypertension over 30 years of age were selected. For each case, one control case of hypertensive patients without SAHS paired by age and gender was randomly obtained. RESULTS: A total of 64 cases and 64 controls were selected. Standing out in the bivariate analysis were greater BMI (34.3±12.8 vs. 28.6±3.6), predominance of obesity (70.3 vs. 35.9%), metabolic syndrome (77.3 vs. 42.2%), consumption of psychopharmaceuticals (19.7 vs. 7.8%) and anithypertensive drugs (26.5 vs. 14.0%), ischemic heart disease (20.3 vs. 9.4%) in the case group versus control group (P<.05 for all the variables). The multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of metabolic syndrome was related with the presence of SAHS in hypertensive patients (OR 4.65; 95% CI: 2.03-10.64; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Screening for SAHS should be performed in hypertensive patients seen in primary care if they have metabolic syndrome criteria.

Hipertensión arterial y síndrome de apneas-hipoapneas del sueño en atención primaria / Arterial hypertension and sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in primary care

Introducción y objetivos: El síndrome de apneas-hipoapneas del sueño (SAHS) es frecuente en pacientes hipertensos e influye en una mayor incidencia de morbimortalidad cardiovascular. El objetivo es conocer cuál es el perfil clínico de hipertensos con SAHS en comparación con hipertensos sin SAHS para conocer qué variables han de permitir orientar su cribado desde Atención Primaria. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo descriptivo de casos (hipertensos con SAHS) y controles (hipertensos sin SAHS), realizado en un centro de salud urbano. A partir del registro informatizado del centro se seleccionó a los pacientes diagnosticados de SAHS e hipertensión mayores de 30 años. Por cada caso se obtuvo, aleatoriamente y apareando por edad y sexo, hipertensos sin SAHS. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 64 casos y 64 controles. En el análisis bivariante destacaba un mayor IMC (34,3 ± 12,8 vs. 28,6 ± 3,6), predominio de obesidad (70,3 vs. 35,9%), síndrome metabólico (77,3 vs. 42,2%), consumo de psicofármacos (19,7 vs. 7,8%) y antihipertensivos (26,5 vs. 14,0%), cardiopatía isquémica (20,3 vs. 9,4%) en el grupo de casos respecto al grupo controles (p < 0,05 para todas las variables). El análisis multivariante mostró que únicamente presentar síndrome metabólico se relacionaba con la presencia de SAHS en hipertensos (OR 4,65; IC 95%: 2,03-10,64; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: En hipertensos atendidos en Atención Primaria se debería realizar el cribado de SAHS si presentan criterios de síndrome metabólico

Introduction and objectives: Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is frequent in hypertensive patients and plays a role in a greater incidence of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality. This study aims to know the clinical profile of hypertensive patients with SAHS compared to hypertensive patients without SAHS to know which variables should be used to orient their screening from primary care. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of cases (hypertensive patients with SAHS) and controls (hypertensive patients without) was performed in an urban health care center. Based on a computerized registry of the site, patients diagnosed of SAHS and hypertension over 30 years of age were selected. For each case, one control case of hypertensive patients without SAHS paired by age and gender was randomly obtained. Results: A total of 64 cases and 64 controls were selected. Standing out in the bivariate analysis were greater BMI (34.3 ± 12.8 vs. 28.6 ± 3.6), predominance of obesity (70.3 vs. 35.9%), metabolic syndrome (77.3 vs. 42.2%), consumption of psychopharmaceuticals (19.7 vs. 7.8%) and anithypertensive drugs (26.5 vs. 14.0%), ischemic heart disease (20.3 vs. 9.4%) in the case group versus control group (P<.05 for all the variables). The multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of metabolic syndrome was related with the presence of SAHS in hypertensive patients (OR 4.65; 95% CI: 2.03-10.64; P<.001). Conclusions: Screening for SAHS should be performed in hypertensive patients seen in primary care if they have metabolic syndrome criteria

¿Interfiere en el control de la HTA el consumo de paracetamol en formulaciones solubles? / Do soluble formulations of acetaminophen affect control of high blood pressure?

ResumenNumerosos fármacos pueden dificultar el control de la hipertensión arterial (HTA), entre ellos los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Recientemente, algunos estudios de cohortes, han sugerido que el paracetamol también puede interferir en este control. Además, es bien conocida la relación entre el consumo de sal y la HTA.ResumenPor otro lado, surge la duda para el clínico de si las formulaciones solubles de paracetamol, cada vez más presentes en la farmacopea y que consiguen la solubilidad mediante sales que contienen sodio, pueden tener algún efecto sobre la presión arterial. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la relación entre el consumo de sal y la HTA, así como analizar las evidencias existentes sobre el efecto que puede tener el consumo de paracetamol en la HTA y si las sales de los compuestos solubles inciden sobre dicho control (AU)

AbstractThere are many medications that may complicate control of high blood pressure (HBP), among them non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, some cohort studies have suggested that paracetamol (acetaminophen) can also interfere in this control. The relationship between salt consumption and HBP is also well known.AbstractFurthermore, the question also arises for the clinicians about whether soluble formulations of acetaminophen, which are increasingly more present in the pharmacopoeia and that achieve solubility through salts that contain sodium, may have some effect on blood pressure. This study has aimed to review the relationship between salt consumption and HBP and to analyze the existing evidence on the effect that acetaminophen may have on HBP and whether the salts of the soluble compounds have any impact on such control (AU)

Detección de diabetes tipo LADA en pacientes diabéticos con exceso ponderal. ¿Es adecuado el tratamiento con metformina? / Detection of LADA-type diabetes in overweight diabetic patients. Is treatment with metformin suitable?

Objetivos. Detectar pacientes con diabetes tipo LADA (latent autoinmune diabetes of adult) tipo 1 en diabéticos adultos con sobrepeso y describir las variaciones metabólicas tras administrar metformina. Diseño. Estudio observacional, multicéntrico, basado en una serie de casos. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria, provincia de Barcelona. Participantes. Diabéticos con sobrepeso u obesidad, con diagnóstico de diabetes < 2 años, entre 35 y 65 años de edad, sin complicaciones microvasculares o macrovasculares ni tratamiento farmacológico inicial antidiabético. Intervención. Administración de metformina, 1.700 mg/día. Mediciones. La variable de control metabólico fue la hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c); otras variables fueron el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la glucemia en ayunas, la insulinemia, el péptido C y la valoración de la insulinorresistencia (HOMA-IR). Para el diagnóstico de diabetes tipo LADA se determinaron los anticuerpos ICA, anti-GAD y anti-IA2. Resultados. En la muestra de diabéticos estudiada (n = 103) se detectaron 3 casos de LADA tipo 1 (prevalencia del 2,9%; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,6-8,3%). Estos pacientes presentaron valores basales más elevados de HbA1c, insulina y sobre todo de HOMA-IR. El tratamiento con metformina mejoró la HbA1c en ambos grupos de pacientes (con o sin LADA de tipo 1). El descenso de la insulinemia al cabo de un año en los pacientes con LADA de tipo 1 fue más marcado que en el resto de diabéticos. Conclusiones. Dada su frecuencia, hay que reflexionar sobre si deberían buscarse con más frecuencia anticuerpos frente a células β pancreáticas en atención primaria. Los pacientes con LADA de tipo 1 presentaron buen control de la HbA1c en tratamiento con metformina y un drástico descenso de la insulina. Faltan estudios que evalúen si la metformina mejora el control glucémico, aunque tal vez no proteja la reserva insulínica, y confrontarla con otros fármacos

Objectives. To detect type-1 LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults) in adults with overweight. To describe the metabolic variations in these patients after metformin treatment. Design. Observational, multi-centre study based on a series of cases. Setting. Health centres in Barcelona province, Spain. Participants. Diabetic patients with overweight or obesity, diagnosed with diabetes for <2 years, aged between 35 and 65, and without clinical micro-macrovascular complications and without initial glycaemia-lowering drug treatment. Intervention. Metformin administration (1700 mg/day). Measurements. The metabolic control variable was HbA1c. Other variables measured were: body mass index (BMI), glucose in fast, insulinaemia, C-peptide, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We determined ICA, GADAb and IA2Ab antibodies to diagnose LADA-type diabetes. Results. In our sample of diabetics (N=103), we detected 3 type-1 LADA cases. These patients had higher levels of HbA1c, insulin and, especially, HOMA-IR. Metformin treatment for one year improved HbA1c in both groups (with and without type-1 LADA). However, the decrease in insulin one year afterwards was greater in type-1 LADA patients. Conclusions. The percentage of type-1 LADA in our sample made us wonder whether we should search for pancreatic antibodies more often in primary care. More studies on the prevalence of type-1 LADA in our country are needed, especially in diabetic patients with overweight. Type-1 LADA patients improved their metabolic control after metformin treatment and showed a drastic decrease in insulin levels. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether metformin improves metabolic control, even though it may not protect insulin reserves, and to contrast metformin with other drugs

[Effectiveness of self-monitoring of blood pressure in white coat hypertension diagnosis. Rationale and design]. / Efectividad de la automedida de la presión arterial en el diagnóstico de la hipertensión clínica aislada. Justificación y diseño del estudio.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of blood pressure self-monitoring at home in front of 24-h blood pressure ambulatory measurement in isolated clinical hypertension diagnosis. DESIGN: Comparative study of repeated measurements of self-monitoring home BP and 24-h ambulatory BP measurement in a hypertensive patients sample. SETTING AND SUBJECTS TO STUDY: Mild-moderate essential hypertensive patients newly diagnosed or previously diagnosed in which suspect isolated clinical hypertension (BP>140/90 mm Hg in clinical setting repeatedly). It needs a sample of 182 hypertensive patients seen at urban primary health care. PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS: We compute the isolated clinical hypertension prevalence, the sensibility, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, with 95% confidence intervals. DISCUSSION: Prove the effectiveness of blood pressure self-monitoring at home in insolated clinical hypertension diagnosis, can involve an important cost saving for health care system as in hypertensive patient management (medicines and office visits), as in diagnosis equipment.

Efectividad de la automedida de la presión arterial en el diagnóstico de la hipertensión clínica aislada. Justificación y diseño del estudio / Efectiveness of self-monitoring of blood pressure in white coat hypertension diagnosis. Rationale and design

Objetivo. Determinar la efectividad de la automedida de la presión arterial (AMPA) domiciliaria frente al control ambulatorio (MAPA) de 24 h en el diagnóstico de la hipertensión clínica aislada (HCA). Diseño. Estudio comparativo de medidas repetidas de una prueba (AMPA) con un estándar de referencia (MAPA) en una serie de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial. Ámbito y sujetos de estudio. Se incluirá de forma consecutiva en el estudio a todos los pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial, en estadio I-II o ligera-moderada, recién diagnosticados o diagnosticados previamente en los que se tenga la sospecha de HCA y que son atendidos en 5 centros de salud urbanos. La muestra necesaria calculada es de 182 pacientes. Mediciones principales. Se calcularán la prevalencia de HCA, la sensibilidad, la especificidad, los valores predictivos positivo y negativo de la AMPA, con sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza del 95%. Discusión. Demostrar la fiabilidad de la AMPA en el diagnóstico de la HCA puede suponer un ahorro importante para el sistema sanitario, tanto en costes directos de manejo del paciente hipertenso (fármacos y visitas) como en el utillaje para realizar dicho diagnóstico

Objective. To assess the efectiveness of blood pressure self-monitoring at home in front of 24-h blood pressure ambulatory measurement in isolated clinical hypertension diagnosis. Design. Comparative study of repeated measurements of self-monitoring home BP and 24-h ambulatory BP measurement in a hypertensive pacients sample. Setting and subjects to study. Mild-moderate essential hipertensive patients newly diagnosed or previously diagnosed in wich suspect isolated clinical hypertension (BP>140/90 mm Hg in clinical setting repeatedly). It needs a sample of 182 hypertensive patients seen at urban primary health care. Principal measurements.We compute the isolated clinical hypertension prevalence, the sensibility, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, with 95% confidence intervals. Discusion. Prove the efectiveness of blood pressure self-monitoring at home in insolated clinical hypertension diagnosis, can involve an important cost saving for health care system as in hypertensive patient management (medicines and office visits), as in diagnosis equipment

Automedida de la presión arterial domiciliaria y telemedicina. ¿Qué nos depara el futuro? / Self-management of blood pressure at home and tele-medicine: what does the future hold for us?

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