Energy generation from bioelectrochemical techniques: Concepts, reactor configurations and modeling approaches.

The process industries play a significant role in boosting the economy of any nation. However, poor management in several industries has been posing worrisome threats to an environment that was previously immaculate. As a result, the untreated waste and wastewater discarded by many industries contain abundant organic matter and other toxic chemicals. It is more likely that they disrupt the proper functioning of the water bodies by perturbing the sustenance of many species of flora and fauna occupying the different trophic levels. The simultaneous threats to human health and the environment, as well as the global energy problem, have encouraged a number of nations to work on the development of renewable energy sources. Hence, bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) have attracted the attention of several stakeholders throughout the world on many counts. The bioelectricity generated from BESs has been recognized as a clean fuel. Besides, this technology has advantages such as the direct conversion of substrate to electricity, and efficient operation at ambient and even low temperatures. An overview of the BESs, its important operating parameters, bioremediation of industrial waste and wastewaters, biodegradation kinetics, and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling to describe substrate removal/elimination and energy production of the BESs are discussed. When considering the potential for use in the industrial sector, certain technical issues of BES design and the principal microorganisms/biocatalysts involved in the degradation of waste are also highlighted in this review.

Advances in the development of electrode materials for improving the reactor kinetics in microbial fuel cells.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an emerging technology for converting organic waste into electricity, thus providing potential solution to energy crises along with eco-friendly wastewater treatment. The electrode properties and biocatalysts are the major factors affecting electricity production in MFC. The electrons generated during microbial metabolism are captured by the anode and transferred towards the cathode via an external circuit, causing the flow of electricity. This flow of electrons is greatly influenced by the electrode properties and thus, much effort has been made towards electrode modification to improve the MFC performance. Different semiconductors, nanostructured metal oxides and their composite materials have been used to modify the anode as they possess high specific surface area, good biocompatibility, chemical stability and conductive properties. The cathode materials have also been modified using metals like platinum and nano-composites for increasing the redox potential, electrical conductivity and surface area. Therefore, this paper reviews the recent developments in the modification of electrodes towards improving the power generation capacity of MFCs.

Solventogenesis in Clostridium aceticum producing high concentrations of ethanol from syngas.

The ethanol production capability of Clostridium aceticum was investigated and optimized, in order to evaluate the ability of that organism to produce high concentrations of fuel-ethanol. The results showed that C. aceticum can produce significant amounts of ethanol when a natural pH drop occurs in the fermentation broth as a consequence of acetic acid production in a first stage. Applying different pH-regulating strategies allowed to optimize ethanol production, which proved to be more efficient in case of natural acidification due to acetic acid, reaching up to 5.6 g/L ethanol, compared to artificial pH adjustment through the addition of hydrogen chloride. Playing with the pH value and the bioreactor operating conditions showed that, under specific conditions, C. aceticum is able to perform the reverse reaction as well and convert ethanol, produced at low pH, back to acetic acid, impeding, under those specific conditions, further accumulation of ethanol in the fermentation broth.