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1.
Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book ; 43: e390794, 2023 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37229617

ABSTRACT

Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) encompass a spectrum of neoplasms that are subdivided into the well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors comprising the low- and intermediate-grade typical and atypical carcinoids, respectively, and the poorly differentiated, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas including large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Here, we review the current morphological and molecular classifications of the NENs on the basis of the updated WHO Classification of Thoracic Tumors and discuss the emerging subclassifications on the basis of molecular profiling and the potential therapeutic implications. We focus on the efforts in subtyping SCLC, a particularly aggressive tumor with few treatment options, and the recent advances in therapy with the adoption of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the frontline setting for patients with extensive-stage SCLC. We further highlight the promising immunotherapy strategies in SCLC that are currently under investigation.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine , Lung Neoplasms , Neuroendocrine Tumors , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/therapy , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnosis , Neuroendocrine Tumors/genetics , Neuroendocrine Tumors/therapy , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/genetics , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/therapy , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology , Lung
2.
AoB Plants ; 10(5): ply052, 2018 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30349659

ABSTRACT

Photosynthesis is defined as a light-dependent process; however, it is negatively influenced by high light (HL) intensities. To investigate whether the memory of growth under monochromatic or combinational lights can influence plant responses to HL, rose plants were grown under different light spectra [including red (R), blue (B), 70:30 % red:blue (RB) and white (W)] and were exposed to HL (1500 µmol m-2 s-1) for 12 h. Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients revealed that although monochromatic R- and B-grown plants performed well under control conditions, the functionality of their electron transport system was more sensitive to HL than that of the RB- and W-grown plants. Before exposure to HL, the highest anthocyanin concentration was observed in R- and B-grown plants, while exposure to HL reduced anthocyanin concentration in both R- and B-grown plants. Ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities decreased, while superoxide dismutase activity was increased after exposure to HL. This caused an increase in H2O2 concentration and malondialdehyde content following HL exposure. Soluble carbohydrates were decreased by exposure to HL, and this decrease was more emphasized in R- and B-grown plants. In conclusion, growing plants under monochromatic light reduced the plants ability to cope with HL stress.

3.
Neurobiol Learn Mem ; 136: 189-195, 2016 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27773594

ABSTRACT

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed to treat anxiety and depression, yet they paradoxically increase anxiety during initial treatment. Acute administration of these drugs prior to learning can also enhance Pavlovian cued fear conditioning. This potentiation has been previously reported to depend upon the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, using temporary inactivation, we confirmed that the BNST is not necessary for the acquisition of cued or contextual fear memory. Systemic administration of the SSRI citalopram prior to fear conditioning led to an upregulation of the immediate early gene Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) in the oval nucleus of the BNST, and a majority of these neurons expressed the 5-HT2C receptor. Finally, local infusions of a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist directly into the oval nucleus of the BNST prevented the fear memory-enhancing effects of citalopram. These findings highlight the ability of the BNST circuitry to be recruited into gating fear and anxiety-like behaviors.


Subject(s)
Citalopram/pharmacology , Conditioning, Classical/physiology , Fear/physiology , Learning/physiology , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/physiology , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Septal Nuclei/physiology , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Citalopram/administration & dosage , Conditioning, Classical/drug effects , Cues , Fear/drug effects , Learning/drug effects , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/drug effects , Septal Nuclei/drug effects , Septal Nuclei/metabolism , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Up-Regulation
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