Effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid in the Postoperative Period in Body Contour Surgery: Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is used to reduce bleeding in body contouring procedures; however, there are no studies that show the effectiveness of TXA when it is also used in the immediate postoperative period. Methods: A controlled, randomized, parallel, and open-label clinical trial was carried out in adult patients undergoing liposculpture and/or abdominoplasty. A control group administering presurgical TXA and a study group with presurgical and postsurgical TXA were formed. The decrease in hemoglobin and the incidence of blood transfusions between both groups were compared as well as the possible adverse effects of TXA. Results: Four hundred twenty-seven subjects were included, 208 (48.7%) in the control group and 219 (51.3%) in the study group. The median age was 34 years (interquartile range 28-42). Median postoperative hemoglobin levels at 24 hours were similar in both groups (study 11.3 g/dL versus control 11.1 g/dL, P = 0.07); however, at 72 hours, postoperative hemoglobin was higher in the study group versus control (10.8 versus 10.0 g/dL, P ≤ 0.001). The incidence of transfusions at 72 hours was 1.8% in the study group and 8.6% in the control group, for a risk ratio of 0.21 (95% confidence interval 0.07-0.61). There were no adverse or thromboembolic events. Conclusion: TXA proved to be more effective in reducing intra- and postsurgical bleeding and the need for transfusions, when used preoperatively and continued for 48 hours after surgery, than when used only preoperatively, without reporting adverse or thromboembolic effects.

Elective Surgery during SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 Pandemic: Safety Protocols with Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Health care systems worldwide have been affected by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emergence since December 2019. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused a steep decrease in elective surgery scheduling, to the extent of complete cancellation without future planning of safe development. PURPOSE: We performed a review of the literature and diagnosis data analysis with the aim to reduce the risk of operating a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 during the incubation period. METHODS: We searched for specific words and phrases about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in the PubMed database (US National Library of Medicine) from December 2019 to April 2020. A detailed analysis of the clinical picture and existing diagnostic tests for COVID-19 was performed to achieve the desired objectives. RESULTS: A total of 1273 out of 5930 articles about COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 did meet the criteria for the searched terms. We reviewed 105 articles, and 60 were selected for analysis. Specific recommendations were described based on our revision. CONCLUSIONS: With the combination of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibody tests + real-time polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 implemented in different time periods by taking into account the natural history of the disease, it is possible to decrease the risk of operating a patient during the incubation period higher than 93%. Adding other security measures can further increase this percentage. As long as there is no immunity to COVID-19, these measures will help us to perform safer elective surgeries.

Macro Fat Embolism After Gluteal Augmentation With Fat: First Survival Case Report.

Gluteal augmentation with fat has become one of the most common cosmetic procedures worldwide. Gluteal augmentation is designed to increase the volume and contour of the gluteal region. Intramuscular lipoinjection has been linked to multiple reports of severe complications, including death due to macro fat embolism (MAFE). The authors present the first reported case of survival and successful recovery after MAFE secondary to gluteal augmentation with fat. A 41-year-old woman, ASA II, was scheduled for augmentation mammaplasty, liposuction, and gluteal augmentation with fat. The patient was operated under general anesthesia with a total intravenous anesthesia technique. A total of 3.5 liters of fat was liposuctioned with no complications. The patient was then positioned in a lateral decubitus position for gluteal augmentation with fat. Right after the last injection, the anesthesiologist noticed a sudden change in capnography followed by hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxemia. The first reaction in the operating room was to consider that the patient was experiencing a severe episode of fat embolism. She was then resuscitated and transferred to a tertiary facility for intensive care management. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of successful resuscitation in a patient experiencing severe MAFE after gluteal augmentation with fat. We believe that this patient survived the event due to early detection, aggressive management, and proper transfer to an intensive care unit. Level of Evidence: 5.

Understanding Fatal Fat Embolism in Gluteal Lipoinjection: A Review of the Medical Records and Autopsy Reports of 16 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Deaths secondary to gluteal lipoinjection are relatively recent events of major importance. However, little is known in relation to their behavior and clinical evolution. Therefore, an analysis was performed of case records from clinical cases that encountered this problem, correlating the results with the findings during autopsies. METHODS: An analysis was performed of records from patients who died secondary to gluteal lipoinjection. Patient-specific data, surgical procedure, clinical picture, evolution, and outcome were analyzed. The findings of the autopsies and the involvement of other organs were also analyzed and correlated. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2009, 16 files were obtained that fulfilled the indicated requirements. There were no statistically significant differences in the general characteristics of the patients, such as age, body mass index, or volume lipoinjected or liposuctioned. The clinical pictures were similar in all cases, and the autopsy findings showed the presence of microembolism in all cases and macroembolism in the most severe cases. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant parameter of severity in patients who undergo gluteal lipoinjection is the presence of fat in macroscopic form in the circulation. The volumes of liposuctioned or lipoinjected fat have little influence. Hypoxemia, hypotension, and bradycardia are the characteristic clinical features. Although there is no specific treatment, immediate aggressive vital support to attempt to stabilize the patient is crucial. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.

Microscopic and Macroscopic Fat Embolism: Solving the Puzzle with Case Reports.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of fat embolism mortality after liposuction has increased. As the only dependable evidence for this problem is that available in the medical literature, a study of clinical case reports is warranted. METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical literature by searching for case reports of fat embolism after liposuction in humans who manifested either of the variants of the condition: microscopic fat embolism or macroscopic fat embolism. The authors performed a literature search of the PubMed and PubMed Central databases from the first case of fat embolism syndrome associated with liposuction reported until March of 2017; keywords Fat Embolism (Fat Embolism Syndrome), Liposuction, and Case (((fat embolism) AND liposuction) AND case) were used. A detailed analysis of the data contained in the clinical case reports was conducted. RESULTS: In total, 39 and 98 articles were found in PubMed and PubMed Central, respectively, using the keywords (((Fat + Embolism) + AND + Liposuction) + AND + Case). After analysis, only 15 reports corresponded to cases of macroscopic or microscopic fat embolism after liposuction, and the basic statistics of the two proposed variants were examined. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides relevant information regarding very important characteristics of microscopic and macroscopic fat embolism. Despite the diagnostic difficulty, clinical diagnosis remains the gold standard for identifying microscopic and macroscopic fat embolism. The establishment of a rapid and timely diagnosis is of great help for appropriate treatment.

Is Latin America Ready to Identify Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Breast Implants Patients? Regional Encounter During the National Plastic Surgery Meeting in Cancun, Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with breast implants is receiving increased attention. Most cases have been reported in Europe, North America (USA and Canada), Australia and New Zealand. Fewer cases have been reported in Latin America (including Mexico), Africa and Asia. METHODS: This report was delivered during our national plastic surgery meeting in Cancun in May 2017. Before the meeting, two participants reviewed the literature. The review was performed using the following information sources: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Fisterra, Google Scholar and LILACS, with entries from 1980 to August 2015 in several languages (English, Spanish, French and Portuguese). The results were revealed during the meeting to the other participants. The consensus was divided into two parts. The first part included an open-ended question regarding the incidence and prevalence of the problem. The second part included clinical scenarios with different items that were rated by the participants. After this activity, accordance among the responses was evaluated. RESULTS: Seven cases were reported during the meeting (3 from Mexico, 3 from Chile and 1 from Argentina). Fifty percent of the participants reported consulting with guidelines and clinical centers to help with potential cases. Most agreed that further studies must be done in cases of chronic seroma where the capsule plays an important role. DISCUSSION: A current debate exists about the incidence of this problem in Latin America because we did not report the same number of cases as Europe, Australia or North America. More studies are required to determine the differences among reports in Latin America. CONCLUSION: Most representatives agreed that further studies must be done. Concern is increasing, and the problem is known. Other factors involved may be considered, and the problem must not be ignored. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Critical Differences between Microscopic (MIFE) and Macroscopic (MAFE) Fat Embolism during Liposuction and Gluteal Lipoinjection.

BACKGROUND: Liposuction and gluteal lipoinjection are two of the most frequent surgical procedures in body contouring surgery, and two of the most important complications are microscopic (MIFE) and macroscopic (MAFE) fat embolism. Despite a high index of morbidity and mortality, few reports exist about these complications, and although they have the same causal agent, their etiopathogenesis, clinical evolution, treatment, prognosis, and prevention are totally different. Therefore, the authors performed a comprehensive review of the literature to exhaustively analyze both pathologic conditions and present the differences between them. METHODS: A detailed search was carried out in PubMed of studies on humans from 1946 to March of 2017 in any language and including the keywords microscopic fat embolism and macroscopic fat embolism with either liposuction or gluteal lipoinjection. The articles found were selected according to the search criteria and were analyzed to provide the final data and recommendations. RESULTS: Of the 1245 and 26 articles that were found on complications related to liposuction and gluteal lipoinjection, respectively, only 41 on liposuction and microscopic fat embolism and seven on gluteal lipoinjection and microscopic fat embolism met the specific criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Only two articles on liposuction and two on gluteal lipoinjection referred to macroscopic fat embolism as a complication. CONCLUSION: Although microscopic fat embolism and macroscopic fat embolism are pathologic conditions with high morbidity and mortality rates in association with liposuction and gluteal lipoinjection, few reports about them exist; therefore, the authors made recommendations based on this study for their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Effects of Thermal Protection in Patients Undergoing Body Contouring Procedures: A Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is common in many plastic surgery procedures, but few measures to prevent its occurrence are taken. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of hypothermia in patients undergoing plastic surgery procedures and the effect of utilizing simple and inexpensive measures to prevent patient hypothermia during surgery. METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed among 3 groups of patients who underwent body contouring surgery for longer than 3.5 hours. In group 1, no protective measures were taken to prevent hypothermia; in group 2, maneuvers were applied intraoperatively for the duration of the entire surgical procedure; and in group 3, measures were taken preoperatively and intraoperatively. The results were quantified and analyzed through a bivariate analysis, including degree of hypothermia, anesthesia recovery time, time spent in the recovery area, intensity of pain, cold perception, response to opioids, and nausea. RESULTS: There were 122 patients included in the study: 43 in group 1, 39 in group 2, and 40 in group 3. All patients in group 1 had a higher degree of hypothermia, longer recovery time from anesthesia, longer overall recovery time, increased pain, increased feeling of cold, and more nausea. These patients also required a greater amount of opioids compared with the patients in groups 2 and 3. Many of the results were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of simple and inexpensive measures before and during plastic surgery can prevent patient hypothermia during the procedures, leading to a shorter anesthesia recovery time and avoiding the undesirable effects associated with hypothermia. In addition, these measures may have significant economic savings.

Strategies for Reducing Fatal Complications in Liposuction.

BACKGROUND: Liposuction has become one of the most common cosmetic surgical procedures, and severe complications secondary to this procedure have also increased significantly. That is why we carry out a research work to know the most frequent severe complications reported in the scientific literature to indicate criteria for prevention. METHODS: English-language scientific publications about liposuction and its complications were analyzed using the PubMed.gov, from the beginning of PubMed's history through June 10, 2017. Five terms were used to define liposuction and its complications: "liposuction," "liposuction AND complications," liposuction AND major complications," "liposuction AND complications AND death," and "liposuction AND death." The quantities of results for the 5 phrases were analyzed, along with their contents. RESULTS: One thousand sixty-three results were obtained from 1973 through June 10, 2017 for the phrase "Liposuction and Complications" in humans; for "Liposuction and Major Complications," 153 articles were found; for "Liposuction and Deaths," 89 articles were found; and 42 articles were obtained with the terms "Liposuction and Major Complications and Deaths." After final depuration, all those that were not specific to severe liposuction complications were eliminated, leaving a total of 39 articles that were included in our study. Five problems proved to be the most serious complications when performing liposuction: Thromboembolic disease, fat embolism, pulmonary edema, lidocaine intoxication, and intraabdominal visceral lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The 5 most important complications that can cause death in liposuction are easily preventable using simple measures and proper safety protocols that are described in this work.

La seguridad en Cirugía Plástica, un bien supremo que no podemos dejar escaparé / No disponible

No disponible

Manejo de líquidos, lidocaína y epinefrina en liposucción. La forma correcta / Liquid handling, lidocaine and epinephrine in liposuction. The properly form

Keywords: Lipectomy Pulmonary edema Anesthetics, local Toxicity Surgery, plastic Introduction: Fluid mismanagement in liposuction leads to pulmonary edema in a previously healthy individual. Pulmonary edema is considered the third cause of death in plastic surgery after PTE and lidocaine toxicity. The most important risk factor leading to this outcome is inadequate knowledge of fluid management and poor communication between the surgeon and the anaesthetist. Objectives: To review the causes leading up to pulmonary edema in liposuction and the valid options for correct fluid management. Methods: Non-systematic review of the literature in PubMed and Medline. Results and conclusions: Correct fluid management in liposuction is based on a close communication between the surgeon and the anaesthetist in order to keep track of the total amount of subcutaneous fluid infiltration plus fluids delivered intravenously, always bearing in mind that infiltration fluids go to the central circulation.

Introducción: El mal manejo de líquidos en liposucción, conlleva a edema pulmonar en un paciente previamente sano. El edema pulmonar se considera la tercera causa de muerte en cirugía plástica después del TEP y la Intoxicación por lidocaína. El principal factor de riesgo que conlleva a este desenlace es el desconocimiento en el manejo de líquidos y la mala comunicación entre el cirujano y el anestesiólogo. Objetivos: Revisar las causas que llevan a edema pulmonar en liposucción y las opciones validas de manejo correcto de líquidos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura no sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed y Medline. Resultados y conclusiones: El correcto manejo de líquidos en liposucción se basa en una estrecha comunicación entre el cirujano y el anestesiólogo para sumar los líquidos infiltrados a nivel subcutáneo y los colocados por vía venosa, siempre teniendo en cuenta que los líquidos de la infiltración pasan a la circulación central.

¿Reanimación agresiva o hipotensión permisiva? Rompiendo paradigmas en trauma / Aggressive Resuscitation or permisiva hypotension? Breaking paradigms in trauma

En el transcurrir de los años, todo paciente politraumatizado que se encuentre hipotenso ha sido sinónimo de reanimación agresiva con líquidos hasta alcanzar la normotensión antes de llegar a cirugía, esto ha hecho que la mortalidad preoperatoria en trauma no haya mejorado y que sea la anemia aguda por causa del sangrado la responsable de este fatal desenlace La respuesta fisiológica del organismo busca frenar la hemorragia y tratar de mantener el flujo sanguíneo a órganos vitales. La reanimación agresiva lleva a mayor sangrado por ruptura de la respuesta fisiológica que el organismo monta y del coágulo inmaduro formado y por ende a mayor mortalidad. Hoy la mayoría de los estudios en animales y los pocos en humanos han demostrado que la reanimación hipotensiva, que consiste en infundir liquidos solo hasta que el paciente tenga pulsos centrales (tensión arterial sistólica 60 y 70 mm Hg.), ha permitido que mayor numero de pacientes lleguen vivos al quirófano para realizar el control del sangrado y la corrección de las heridas, objetivo fundamental del paciente con trauma penetrante que se encuentra hipotenso...

Endarterectomía carotidea. ¿Es la anestesia regional nuestra única alternativa? / Carotid Endarterectomía. Is the regional anesthesia our only alternative?

La endarterectomía carotidea es una intervención profiláctica dirigida a aliviar los síntomas neurológicos de la ateroesclerosis carotidea previniendo un infarto cerebral y el déficit neurológico subsiguiente. El llamarse ®profiláctica¼ implica una gran responsabilidad de todo el equipo quirúrgico, ya que es un paciente al que buscamos evitar un evento neurológico en el transcurso de los años. El propósito del estudio es concientizar al anestesiólogo, pues en nuestro medio donde no contamos con monitoreo neurológico intraoperatorio y la única alternativa anestésica es la anestesia regional, para diagnosticar y tratar rápidamente períodos de hipoperfusión o embolismo. En los trabajos serios de investigación mundial, no se menciona el hecho de realizar una endarterectomía carotidea bajo anestesia general a ciegas, sin monitoreo intraoperatorio. Con este argumento en La fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, a partir de marzo del 2004, se están realizando todas las endarterectomías carotideas, como cirugía única, con bloqueo del plexo cervical y el objetivo del artículo es presentar un reporte de los primeros 20 casos, en los cuales se efectuó la endarterectomía con anestesia regional, hasta noviembre del 2005. Logramos evitar eventos neurológicos adversos en el intraoperatorio en 2 pacientes (10 por ciento), disminuir las complicaciones neurológicas en el pop, la estancia en UCI y en la clínica en un 50 por ciento con respecto a los años anteriores, cuando el procedimiento se realizaba con anestesia general

Dolor en niños: cómo evaluarlo y tratarlo eficazmente / Pain in children: How to evaluate and to treat it effectively

El dolor es definido como una experiencia emocional desagradable y como tal depende de vivencias previas que van incluso desde el segundo trimestre de gestación, cuando todos los mecanismos centrales encargados de la percepción del dolor están desarrollados. Eso solo se traduce en que el niño siente dolor y debemos estar preparados para evaluarlo y tratarlo eficazmente. En los niños menores de 2 años que no se comunican verbalmente, la evaluación del dolor es fisiológica derivada de su respuesta al estrés (taquicardia, taquipnea y sudoración palmar) y, lo más importante, la expresión facial que es el estándar de oro en la evaluación del dolor en menores de 7 años. En mayores de 7 años las escalas numéricas, análoga visual y análoga cromática pueden ser utilizadas. Después de clasificar si el dolor es leve, moderado o severo, se decide si se utiliza analgésicos no esteroideos para dolores leves a moderados (el ibuprofeno es el más utilizado) o la morfina para el manejo del dolor severo. Entendiendo la farmacocinética y la farmacodinamia, así como los efectos secundarios de los opioides e implementando una vigilancia estricta, se minimizan todos los riesgos de su utilización. Por último, siempre que se puede utilizar bloqueos regionales, epecialmente en menores de 1 año, se debe hacer ya que es el método analgésico más seguro y efectivo que evita las huellas dolorosas en el sistema nervioso central, por ende, las experiencias negativas, cambiando la percepción futura