Could probiotics protect against human toxicity caused by polystyrene nanoplastics and microplastics?

Nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) made of polystyrene (PS) can be toxic to humans, especially by ingestion of plastic particles. These substances are often introduced into the gastrointestinal tract, where they can cause several adverse effects, including disturbances in intestinal flora, mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and exacerbated oxidative stress. Although there are widespread reports of the protective effects of probiotics on the harm caused by chemical contaminants, limited information is available on how these organisms may protect against PS toxicity in either humans or animals. The protective effects of probiotics can be seen in organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and even the brain. It has been shown that both MPs and NPs could induce microbial dysbiosis in the gut, nose and lungs, and probiotic bacteria could be considered for both prevention and treatment. Furthermore, the improvement in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotics consumption may reduce inflammatory biomarkers and avoid unnecessary activation of the immune system. Herein, we show probiotics may overcome the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and microplastics in humans, although some studies are required before any clinical recommendations can be made.

Anxiety Severity Levels and Coping Strategies during the COVID-19 Pandemic among People Aged 15 Years and Above in Gonabad, Iran.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is a global health problem. It is necessary to provide evidence on its unprecedented psychological effects to develop effective psychological interventions. The current study aims to determine the anxiety severity level, coping strategies, and influencing factors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic among people aged 15 years and above in Gonabad, Iran. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey via online questionnaires between February and March 2020. We evaluated the anxiety severity levels and coping strategies using the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations-Short Form (CISS-SF), respectively. Multinomial and ordinal logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of coping strategies and anxiety. RESULTS: Totally, 500 people completed the questionnaires (response rate: 73%). Of them, 53.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 48.9%- 57.8%) suffered moderate to severe levels of anxiety. More than half of the respondents (52.0%; 95% CI: 47.5%-56.4%) utilized emotional-based or avoidant coping strategies. People with no academic education (odds ratio [OR]: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.41- 3.31) and without physical exercise (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.22-3.33) preferred emotional-based coping instead of problem-based coping strategy. Female gender (OR: 1.60, 95%, CI: 1.13-2.28), underlying medical conditions (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.65-3.87), and emotional-based coping (OR: 4.06, 95% CI: 2.76-5.99) were associated with higher severity levels of anxiety. CONCLUSION: The severity of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic was significant among participants. Further attention is needed to enhance the mental health of the vulnerable population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings also identified some factors related to the severity level of anxiety related to COVID-19 that could help formulate better psychological interventions.

Fenugreek seed gum: Biological properties, chemical modifications, and structural analysis- A review.

Fenugreek is a leguminous plant belongs to the family Fabaceae, which is extensively cultivated as a semiarid crop in Northern Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and Canada. In the present review paper, first we summarized the extraction, purification, chemical composition, molecular structure, and rheological behavior of the mucilages isolated from Fenugreek seeds (FSG), and then their functional properties presented to elucidate the potential application of this traditional source of hydrocolloids in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. To date, there is no technique that can successfully remove the attached protein from FSG. From a structural point of view, galactose and mannose are the most abundant polysaccharide in FSG composition, suggesting a galactomannan-like structure. FSG is the most soluble of the seed gums. FSG solutions at various temperatures and concentrations showed a time-dependent shear thinning behavior. Furthermore, these hydrocolloids can be employed for the fabrication of eco-friendly packaging systems. Antioxidant capacity and anti-fungi activity of FSG has been proved in different studies. In conclusion, industrial applications of FSG are possible due to its strong thickening properties. Additionally, FSG has an excellent emulsification capacity, which enables its application in the food, cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical industries.

Environment-friendly green composites based on soluble soybean polysaccharide: A review.

The objective of the present review was to acquaint the readers with recent advances in soluble soy bean polysaccharide (SSPS)-based films. An efficient extraction method containing refining, pasteurizing and spray-drying is commonly used to extract SSPS. SSPS is a high molecular weight polysaccharide with a pectin-like structure. The predominant monosaccharide components are arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. Additionally, a trace amount of other monosaccharides such as glucose, fucose, rhamnose, and xylose are also present. SSPS allows us to make water-soluble, colorless, transparent, and edible films due to its high adhesive strength. The evaluation of recently published data on the development of SSPS films has demonstrated that nanoparticles can be used to improve the physicochemical characteristics of SSPS films. These nanoparticles not only reinforce the mechanical, thermal and physical properties of SSPS films, but also improve their antibacterial, anti-mold and anti-yeast activities. Hence, reinforcement of SSPS with nanoparticles is expected to open new approaches for revealing their applications in food packaging.

Relationship between platelet count and platelet width distribution and serum uric acid concentrations in patients with untreated essential hypertension.

Hematological parameters have emerged as independent determinants of high serum concentrations of uric acid (UA) and predictive factors in the evaluation of the total cardiovascular risk in patients with essential hypertensive. Here, we have investigated the possible relationships between hematological factors and serum uric acid levels in hypertensive patients recruited as part of Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorders cohort study. Two-thousand three-hundred and thirty-four hypertensive individuals were recruited from this cohort and these were divided into two groups; those with either high or low serum UA concentrations. Demographic, biochemical, and hematological characteristics of population were evaluated in all the subjects. Logistic-regression analysis was performed to determine the association of hematological parameters with hypertension (HTN). Of the 2334 hypertensive subjects, 290 cases had low UA, and 2044 had high serum UA concentrations. Compared with the low UA group, the patients with high serum UA, had higher values for several hematological parameters, whilst platelet counts (PLT) were lower. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that PLT and serum high sensitivity-c reactive protein (hs-CRP) were correlated with serum UA level. Stepwise multiple logistic regression model confirmed that platelet distribution width (PDW) and gender were independent determinant of a high serum UA. PDW and PLT appear to be independently associated with serum UA level in patients with HTN. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(6):532-538, 2018.

Characterization of a green nanocomposite prepared from soluble soy bean polysaccharide/Cloisite 30B and evaluation of its toxicity.

The present paper aims to elucidate the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of soybean polysaccharide (SSPS)/Cloisite 30B. Tensile strength of the nanocomposite films improved with incorporation of nanoparticles, whereas elongation at break decreased. Surface roughness of the samples increased with the addition of nanoclay. Neat SSPS film and SSPS-1% Cloisite 30B had a relatively smooth surface with no irregularities, while for the samples containing 3 and 7% Cloisite 30B, the surface was rough. DSC analysis demonstrated that following an increase in nanoparticles content, the melting temperature of the nanocomposite elevated, whereas, glass transition temperature decreased. The results of antibacterial activity indicated that Cloisite 30B could inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609, Staphylococcus epidermis PTCC 1114 (ATCC 12228) and Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1165. SSPS-Cloisite 30B nanocomposite could not inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger. The results demonstrated that the migration of nanoparticles might happen into deionized water as a food simulant, but they could not migrate into bread as a food model. Furthermore, it was found that Cloisite 30B nanoparticles had cytotoxicity effect, and thus, it is recommended that Cloisite 30B/SSPS nanocomposites be used only for the packaging of solids foods such as bread.

Epidemiology of special incidents: Results from national mortality and morbidity registry and the associated factors in Iran in 2014.

BACKGROUND: Special incidents are harmful events that can result in people's death or injury. Despite registering special incidents' data in Iran, no study has yet been conducted to identify the types, rates, mortality and morbidity of such incidents and their associated factors. The present study was conducted to assess the epidemiology of incidents and their associated factors during 2014 in Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, all special incidents of 2014 were examined. Data were initially collected by universities of medical sciences nationwide and then sent to the Disaster and Emergency Management Center in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The collected data were analyzed in this study using statistical tests of Chi-square and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS ver. 14.5. RESULTS: Out of 6,892 special incidents that occurred during 2014 in Iran, 6,781 cases were included, of which, the most prevalent were traffic crashes (71%), carbon monoxide poisoning (14%), drowning (3.5%), and other cases (11.5%) (which included suspicious deaths, explosions, group poisoning, quarrels, fires, falls from height, and building collapses). The incidents led to 37,313 injuries and 3,259 deaths, of which 78% of injuries and 75% of deaths were due to road traffic incidents. CONCLUSION: Given to relationship between occurrence of the incidents and special holidays; such incidents can be reduced through preventive planning and education. We recommend annual monitoring of special incidents and further studies on the associated factors.

Exploring the perception of aid organizations' staff about factors affecting management of mass casualty traffic incidents in Iran: a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Traffic incidents are of main health issues all around the world and cause countless deaths, heavy casualties, and considerable tangible and intangible damage. In this regard, mass casualty traffic incidents are worthy of special attention as, in addition to all losses and damage, they create challenges in the way of providing health services to the victims. AIM: The present study is an attempt to explore the challenges and facilitators in management of mass casualty traffic incidents in Iran. METHODS: This qualitative grounded theory study was carried out with participation of 14 purposively selected experienced managers, paramedics and staff of aid organizations in different provinces of Iran in 2016. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to develop the theory. The transcribed interviews were analyzed through open, axial and selective coding. RESULTS: Despite the recent and relatively good improvements in facilities and management procedure of mass casualty traffic incidents in Iran, several problems such as lack of coordination, lack of centralized and integrated command system, large number of organizations participating in operations, duplicate attempts and parallel operations carried out by different organizations, intervention of lay people, and cultural factors halt provision of effective health services to the victims. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to improve the theoretical and practical knowledge of the relief personnel and paramedics, provide public with education about first aid and improve driving culture, prohibit laypeople from intervening in aid operations, and increase quality and quantity of aid facilities.