ABSTRACT
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are transforming the treatment of patients with malignancies. One such agent, sunitinib (Sutent, Pfizer), has demonstrated activity against a variety of solid tumors. Sunitinib is "multi-targeted," inhibiting growth factor receptors that regulate both tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell survival. However cardiac dysfunction has been associated with its use. Identification of the target of sunitinib associated cardiac dysfunction could guide future drug design to reduce toxicity while preserving anti-cancer activity. Herein we identify severe mitochondrial structural abnormalities in the heart of a patient with sunitinib-induced heart failure. In cultured cardiomyocytes, sunitinib induces loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and energy rundown. Despite the latter, AMPK activity, which should be increased in the setting of energy compromise, is reduced in hearts of sunitinib-treated mice and cardiomyocytes in culture and this is due to direct inhibition of AMPK by sunitinib. Critically, we find that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of an actived mutant of AMPK reduces sunitinib-induced cell death. Our findings suggest AMPK inhibition plays a central role in sunitinib cardiomyocyte toxicity, highlighting the potential of off-target effects of TKIs contributing to cardiotoxicity. While multi-targeting can enhance tumor cell killing, this must be balanced against the potential increased risk of cardiac dysfunction.
Subject(s)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Indoles/pharmacology , Indoles/toxicity , Myocardium/pathology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/toxicity , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Pyrroles/toxicity , Animals , Biopsy , Capillaries/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Echocardiography , Humans , Indoles/adverse effects , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/pathology , Mitochondria/ultrastructure , Multiprotein Complexes , Myocardium/ultrastructure , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Proteins , Pyrroles/adverse effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sunitinib , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases , Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , Ventricular Remodeling/drug effectsABSTRACT
Based on extensive preclinical data, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been proposed to be a viable drug target for a wide variety of disease states, ranging from diabetes to bipolar disorder. Since these new drugs, which will be more powerful GSK-3 inhibitors than lithium, may potentially be given to women of childbearing potential, and since it has controversially been suggested that lithium therapy might be linked to congenital cardiac defects, we asked whether GSK-3 family members are required for normal heart development in mice. We report that terminal cardiomyocyte differentiation was substantially blunted in Gsk3b(-/-) embryoid bodies. While GSK-3alpha-deficient mice were born without a cardiac phenotype, no live-born Gsk3b(-/-) pups were recovered. The Gsk3b(-/-) embryos had a double outlet RV, ventricular septal defects, and hypertrophic myopathy, with near obliteration of the ventricular cavities. The hypertrophic myopathy was caused by cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation without hypertrophy and was associated with increased expression and nuclear localization of three regulators of proliferation - GATA4, cyclin D1, and c-Myc. These studies, which we believe are the first in mammals to examine the role of GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta in the heart using loss-of-function approaches, implicate GSK-3beta as a central regulator of embryonic cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation, as well as of outflow tract development. Although controversy over the teratogenic effects of lithium remains, our studies suggest that caution should be exercised in the use of newer, more potent drugs targeting GSK-3 in women of childbearing age.
Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics , Cell Proliferation , Gene Deletion , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics , Myoblasts, Cardiac/physiology , Animals , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/embryology , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cell Size , Embryo, Mammalian , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta , Mice , Mice, KnockoutABSTRACT
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is a small-molecule inhibitor of the fusion protein Bcr-Abl, the causal agent in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Here we report ten individuals who developed severe congestive heart failure while on imatinib and we show that imatinib-treated mice develop left ventricular contractile dysfunction. Transmission electron micrographs from humans and mice treated with imatinib show mitochondrial abnormalities and accumulation of membrane whorls in both vacuoles and the sarco- (endo-) plasmic reticulum, findings suggestive of a toxic myopathy. With imatinib treatment, cardiomyocytes in culture show activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, reduction in cellular ATP content and cell death. Retroviral gene transfer of an imatinib-resistant mutant of c-Abl, alleviation of ER stress or inhibition of Jun amino-terminal kinases, which are activated as a consequence of ER stress, largely rescues cardiomyocytes from imatinib-induced death. Thus, cardiotoxicity is an unanticipated side effect of inhibition of c-Abl by imatinib.
