The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified >300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA-viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection.

Developing competencies for remote and rural senior allied health professionals in Western Australia.

Competency frameworks are an increasingly popular clinical governance, performance management, and professional development tool in health care. However, to date there is a dearth of information relating to competencies for allied health professionals (AHPs) working in remote and rural environments. This project aimed to develop a competency framework for senior level AHPs across a core of allied health professions in remote and rural Western Australia. The framework was designed to be used by individual AHPs to identify areas of professional proficiency and weakness, by staff managing senior AHPs when undertaking performance development processes, and by an organisation to identify common areas of need among disciplines that can be addressed through targeted support strategies.

Associations of awareness of illness in schizophrenia spectrum disorder with social cognition and cognitive perceptual organization.

Although impairment in flexibility of abstract thought has been linked to poor insight in schizophrenia, little is known about the association of other cognitive processes to insight. To explore the possibility that social cognition and perceptual organizational capacity are linked to insight, we assessed awareness of illness and administered the Thematic Apperception Test and Rorschach Inkblot Test to 31 adult participants with schizophrenia. Partial correlations controlling for perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test revealed that lesser capacities to organize and make sense of ambiguous stimuli, to distinguish between one's own and other's perspectives, and to formulate logical accounts of behavior and social exchange predicted poorer awareness of psychiatric symptoms. With replication, results may suggest that to attain awareness of illness, some with schizophrenia may need assistance making sense of the social world and organizing the complexities of their experience of illness.

Stigma, social function and symptoms in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: associations across 6 months.

Research suggests stigma is a barrier to self-esteem and the attainment of resources in schizophrenia. Less clear is the association of stigma experiences with symptoms and social function both concurrently and prospectively. To assess this, symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, social function was measured using the Quality of Life Scale and stigma experience was assessed using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale among 36 persons with schizophrenia at two points, 6 months apart. Correlations found stigma was associated with concurrent levels of positive and emotional discomfort symptoms and degree of social contact. When initial stigma levels were controlled for, stigma at 6 months was predicted by baseline levels of positive symptoms. Greater initial stigma predicted greater emotional discomfort at follow-up. Results suggest internalized stigma is linked with social function and symptoms. Positive symptoms may make some persons with schizophrenia more vulnerable to ongoing stigma experience.

The Scale to Assess Narrative Development: association with other measures of self and readiness for recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

While changes in self-experience have been suggested as an element of recovery from schizophrenia, little is known about how they are linked with other subjective indicators of recovery. To examine this, we have developed methods of eliciting narratives of self and illness in schizophrenia and quantitatively rating self-experience expressed within those narratives. In this study, we rated the narratives of 34 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder prior to entry into rehabilitation using the Scale to Assess Narrative Development (STAND). STAND scores were then correlated with concurrent assessments of self-esteem using the Rosenberg Self Esteem schedule and readiness for change using the Stages of Change Questionnaire. Results indicated that higher ratings on the STAND were associated with greater levels of self-esteem and greater overall readiness for change. This may suggest that qualities of self-experience within personal narratives of persons with schizophrenia are linked to objective and subjective assessments of recovery.

Reported history of child sexual abuse in schizophrenia: associations with heightened symptom levels and poorer participation over four months in vocational rehabilitation.

Cross-section research suggests reported childhood abuse in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is linked with graver symptom levels and social dysfunction. To examine this prospectively, we compared biweekly ratings of positive and emotional discomfort symptoms and weekly accounts of hours worked over 4 months of rehabilitation of 12 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and childhood sexual abuse history and 31 with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and no childhood sexual abuse history. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed the abuse group had consistently higher levels of both symptom components and poorer participation in vocational rehabilitation. A time by group effect was observed for hours of work, with the abuse group working increasingly fewer hours over time. Participants reporting abuse also were more likely to perform poorly on a test of executive function and to have particularly higher levels of hallucinations and anxiety over time. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.