ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of a 12-week, 24-session multimodal group cognitive rehabilitation intervention, the Cognitive Enrichment Program (CEP), on executive functioning and resumption of daily activities after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in older individuals as compared with an active control group that received individual holistic rehabilitation as usual care. METHODS: In total, 37 patients with a TBI and aged 57 to 90 years were assigned to experimental (n = 23) and control (n = 14) groups in a semi-randomized, controlled, before-after intervention trial with follow-up at 6 months, with blinded outcome measurement. The CEP's executive function module included planning, problem solving, and goal management training as well as strategies focusing on self-awareness. Efficacy was evaluated by neuropsychological tests (Six Elements Task-Adapted [SET-A], D-KEFS Sorting test and Stroop four-color version); generalization was measured by self-reporting questionnaires about daily functioning (Dysexecutive Functioning Questionnaire, forsaken daily activities). RESULTS: ANCOVA results showed significant group-by-time interactions; the experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement on Tackling the 6 subtasks and Avoiding rule-breaking measures of the SET-A, with medium effect sizes. The generalization measure, the Dysexecutive Functioning Questionnaire, showed a significant reduction in experimental patient-significant other difference on the Executive cognition subscale. The number of forsaken daily activities was reduced in the experimental versus control group, which was not significant immediately after the CEP but was significant 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that older adults with TBI can improve their executive functioning, with a positive impact on everyday activities, after receiving multimodal cognitive training with the CEP. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04590911.