Multisorbent tubes for collecting volatile organic compounds in spacecraft air.

The sampling capability of Tenax-TA tubes, used in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's solid sorbent air sampler to trap and concentrate contaminants from air aboard spacecraft, was improved by incorporating two sorbents within the tubes. Existing tubes containing only Tenax-TA allowed highly volatile compounds to "break through" during collection of a 1.5 L air sample. First the carbon molecular sieve-type sorbents Carboxen 569 and Carbosieve S-III were tested for their ability to quantitatively trap the highly volatile compounds. Breakthrough volumes were determined with the direct method, whereby low ppm levels of methanol or Freon 12 in nitrogen were flowed through the sorbent tubes at 30 mL/min, and breakthrough was detected by gas chromatography. Breakthrough volumes for methanol were about 9 L/g on Carboxen 569 and 11 L/g on Carbosieve S-III; breakthrough volumes for Freon 12 were about 7 L/g on Carboxen 569 and > 26 L/g on Carbosieve S-III. Next, dual-bed tubes containing either Tenax-TA/Carbosieve S-III, Tenax-TA/Carboxen 569, or Carbotrap/Carboxen 569 to a 10-component gas mixture were exposed, in dry and in humidified air (50% relative humidity), and percentage recoveries of each compound were determined. The Tenax-TA/Carboxen 569 combination gave the best overall recoveries (75-114% for the 10 compounds). Acetaldehyde had the lowest recovery (75%) of the 10 compounds, but this value was still an improvement over either the other two sorbent combinations or the original single-sorbent tubes.

Ion mobility spectrometry of hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and ammonia in air with 5-nonanone reagent gas.

Hydrazine (HZ) and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) in air were monitored continuously using a hand-held ion mobility spectrometer equipped with membrane inlet, 63Ni ion source, acetone reagent gas, and ambient temperature drift tube. Response characteristics included detection limit, 6 ppb; linear range, 10-600 ppb; saturated response, >2 ppm; and stable response after 15-30 min. Ammonia interfered in hydrazines detection through a product ion with the same drift time as that for MMH and HZ. Acetone reagent gas was replaced with 5-nonanone to alter drift times of product ions and separate ammonia from MMH and HZ. Patterns in mobility spectra, ion identifications from mass spectra, and fragmentation cross-sections from collisional-induced dissociations suggest that drift times are governed by ion-cluster equilibria in the drift region of the mobility spectrometer. Practical aspects including calibration, stability, and reproducibility are reported from the use of a hand-held mobility spectrometer on the space shuttle Atlantis during mission STS-37.

High tibial osteotomy. Use of an osteotomy jig, rigid fixation, and early motion versus conventional surgical technique and cast immobilization.

High tibial osteotomy (HTO) using conventional surgical technique and cast immobilization was compared to HTO using an osteotomy jig, rigid internal fixation, and early motion. Fifteen patients (19 knees) had conventional HTO. The mean preoperative femoral-tibial angle was 2.5 degrees of varus, and the mean postoperative angle was 6.5 degrees of valgus. Two knees were undercorrected and eight knees (42%) had associated complications. Twenty patients (21 knees) had HTO utilizing the new surgical technique and postoperative management. The mean preoperative femoral-tibial angle was 2.3 degrees varus, and the mean postoperative angle was 7.6 degrees valgus. One knee was undercorrected (less than 4 degrees valgus) and one knee (5%) had an intraoperative intraarticular fracture. High tibial osteotomy with an osteotomy jig to provide accurate correction, and rigid internal fixation to allow early motion, is an attractive alternative to conventional HTO.

Cementless total knee arthroplasty in patients over 65 years old.

Many factors influence the decision to implant a knee prosthesis with or without cement. Implant retrieval studies have demonstrated that bone ingrowth into porous-coated devices is possible even in older age groups. Early clinical follow-up observations suggest that cementless total knee arthroplasty can be successful in patients over 65 years of age, and need not be reserved for younger patients.

An evaluation of the effect of source and concentration on three methods for the measurement of formaldehyde in indoor air.

Three methods for measuring formaldehyde (HCHO) in indoor air were evaluated under field and laboratory conditions using different sources and concentrations of formaldehyde in air. Two impinger methods (the chromotropic acid method and modified pararosaniline method) and the Draeger short-term detector tube method (with and without activation tubes) were compared when sampling for formaldehyde from a particle board box, formalin solution, and a conventional home. Concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 0.05-0.5 ppm in air. All samples were collected independently using personal sampling pumps and a Draeger bellows pump. The results indicate that the Draeger tube method using an activation tube gives lower results than either of the impinger methods. Without using an activation tube (concentrations greater than 0.5 ppm), the Draeger tube method was comparable to the two impinger methods. In addition, there are indications that the chromotropic acid method gives different results than the modified pararosaniline method, depending on the source of formaldehyde. The modified pararosaniline method indicated higher results than the chromotropic acid method when sampling from a particle board++ box but not from a formalin source. Overall analytical precision for each method of analysis was good.