ABSTRACT
A wealth of theoretical and empirical arguments have suggested that music triggers emotional responses by resembling the inflections of expressive vocalizations, but have done so using low-level acoustic parameters (pitch, loudness, speed) that, in fact, may not be processed by the listener in reference to human voice. Here, we take the opportunity of the recent availability of computational models that allow the simulation of three specifically vocal emotional behaviours: smiling, vocal tremor and vocal roughness. When applied to musical material, we find that these three acoustic manipulations trigger emotional perceptions that are remarkably similar to those observed on speech and scream sounds, and identical across musician and non-musician listeners. Strikingly, this not only applied to singing voice with and without musical background, but also to purely instrumental material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)'.
Subject(s)
Music , Singing , Voice , Auditory Perception/physiology , Emotions/physiology , Humans , Music/psychology , Voice/physiologyABSTRACT
Gambusia quadruncus n. sp., the llanos mosquitofish, is described from east-central México. The region inhabited by the species represents a hotspot of diversity of Gambusia, and G. quadruncus sometimes coexists with at least three congeners. The species differs from its closest relative, Gambusia affinis, in several characteristics with plausible effects on reproductive isolation, e.g. body size, body and fin morphology, male genital morphology (distal tip of gonopodium) and female anal spot morphology (colouration near the urogenital sinus). Moreover, combined analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence data (c. 2158 total base pairs) indicates reciprocal monophyly of G. quadruncus and its sister species G. affinis, with levels of genetic divergence suggesting the two species diverged from one another over a million years ago. The origin of G. quadruncus may reflect a vicariant event associated with Pliocene orogenesis in the Tamaulipas Arch and a frontal section of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Lleran Mesas). Gambusia quadruncus inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats across several river drainages, with its range spanning at least 350 km from north to south, covering over 25 000 km(2). A key to aid identification of the species is provided.
Subject(s)
Cyprinodontiformes/classification , Animal Fins/anatomy & histology , Animals , Body Size , Cyprinodontiformes/anatomy & histology , Cyprinodontiformes/genetics , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Female , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Introns/genetics , Male , Mexico , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Principal Component Analysis , Ribosomal Proteins/genetics , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
A partir de los conceptos básicos de rehabilitación y de un reconocimiento de la incapacidad y la invalidez como problemas de la salud, se define las funciones del profesional de enfermería en esta área, relacionadas con la asistencia, la administración, la investigación y la educación.
