CGRP Modulating Therapies: An Update.

INTRODUCTION: Calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) is a vasoactive neuropeptide involved in the pathophysiology ofmigraine. CGRP has been targeted for both preventive and acute treatment of migraine. OBJECTIVE: Provide a summary of the most clinically relevant literature surrounding CGRP modulating therapies. METHODS: This update on CGRP modulating therapies includes articles selected as most clinically relevant by theauthors. CONCLUSION: CGRP modulating therapies are an exciting new addition to migraine treatment given their safety andtolerability. Additionally, compared to traditional migraine preventive medication these treatments are migrainespecific.Further real-world and clinical data is ongoing to better understand these treatments that continue to gainfavor in the management of migraine.

Calcitonin gene relating peptide inhibitors in combination for migraine treatment: A mini-review.

The discovery of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in migraine pathophysiology has led to advances in the treatment of migraine. Since 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four monoclonal antibody (mab) therapies targeting either the CGRP ligand or receptor and 3 oral small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists. These targeted therapies have been shown to be safe and effective for either preventive or acute treatment of migraine in adults. Given their efficacy and tolerability profile, CGRP inhibitors have revolutionized the approach to migraine treatment. Theoretically, combining therapies within this therapeutic class could lead to more CGRP blockade and, subsequently, improved patient outcomes. There are providers currently combining CGRP therapies in clinical practice. However, limited data are available regarding the efficacy and safety of this practice. This mini-review provides a summary of available data and poses important considerations when combining CGRP therapies for migraine treatment.

Raynaud's phenomenon associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists case report.

BACKGROUND: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator that regulates the cerebrovascular and peripheral circulation. A new class of migraine therapies decreases CGRP through various mechanisms. One unknown off-target effect is the impact decreasing CGRP will have on the peripheral circulation. The following cases report new onset Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) following the use of CGRP receptor antagonists (-gepants) for both the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. These cases describe the development of RP in two individuals after using each of the currently available gepant medications. To our knowledge these are the first cases reported of RP associated with the use of gepants. RP has previously been reported in association with monoclonal antibodies to the CGRP ligand and CGRP receptor indicated in the prevention of migraine. CASE PRESENTATION: One case involved oral CGRP receptor antagonists for acute treatment inducing RP. In this case, rimegepant and ubrogepant used separately for different migraine attacks each led to RP in the digits. The other case involved oral CGRP receptor antagonist, atogepant, used as a preventive treatment and induced RP in the digits. This patient had a prior history of areolar tissue RP while breastfeeding, but never in her fingers. In both cases, the offending medications were discontinued, and the patients reported no further episodes of RP. CONCLUSION: Two cases are reported of people with migraine with new onset digital RP while taking CGRP receptor antagonists (rimegepant, ubrogepant, atogepant) for acute and preventive treatment.

Atogepant for migraine.

Atogepant is a selective oral, small-molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist that has been approved for preventive treatment of migraine. CGRP is a neuropeptide involved in vasodilation and cerebrovascular regulation. CGRP is the most potent vasoactive constituent of the cerebrovascular trigeminal neuronal system and has a key role in migraine. Medications targeting CGRP are being used as migraine preventive and abortive treatments.

Cephalgia Alopecia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this review, we examine reported cases of cephalgia alopecia including the initial case report from 2006. The goal is to review the clinical description, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cephalgia alopecia. RECENT FINDINGS: The pathophysiology of the headache and hair loss in cephalgia alopecia is believed to be related to neuroregulation of skin and nerve. It is hypothesized that the headache causes recurrent activation of trigeminal and upper cervical branches that innervate the hair cells. The repetitive activation of C fibers results in depletion of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which leads to loss of hair growth promotion and disruption of immune system regulation. A case report suggests that cephalgia alopecia and nummular headache with trophic changes may represent a spectrum of disease involving head pain and cutaneous changes. Cephalgia alopecia is a rare headache disorder described as recurrent burning, stabbing head, and neck pain that is followed by hair loss in the corresponding region of the scalp. The mainstay treatment for both pain and hair loss is OnabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA). A patient's clinical history and response to onabotA treatment is used to make the diagnosis. Future research is needed to examine the hypothesized disease continuum of head pain and cutaneous changes. It will also be beneficial to assess if the grid-like onabotA technique used in nummular headache is effective in cephalgia alopecia. In addition, further studies are needed to assess the proposed pathophysiology.