ABSTRACT
This meta-analysis investigates the efficacy of hypnosis in adults undergoing surgical or medical procedures compared to standard care alone or an attention control. Through a comprehensive literature search N=34 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, comprising a total of 2597 patients. Random effects meta-analyses revealed positive treatment effects on emotional distress (g=0.53, CI 95% [0.37; 0.69]), pain (g=0.44, CI 95% [0.26; 0.61]), medication consumption (g=0.38, CI 95% [0.20; 0.56]), physiological parameters (g=0.10, CI 95% [0.02; 0.18]), recovery (g=0.25, CI 95% [0.04; 0.46]), and surgical procedure time (g=0.25, CI 95% [0.12; 0.38]). In conclusion, benefits of hypnosis on various surgically relevant outcomes were demonstrated. However, the internal validity of RCTs seems limited and further high methodological quality RCTs are needed to strengthen the promising evidence of hypnosis for adults undergoing surgery or medical procedures.
Subject(s)
Hypnosis , Intraoperative Care/psychology , Pain Management , Pain/psychology , Adult , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
This article presents results from a comprehensive evaluation of a home-based early intervention project for congenitally blind young children. Five full-term and five preterm blind children, who had a mean age of 12 months at the beginning of the project, were visited at home with their families every 2 weeks over a 2-year period. Results showed that an individualized, handicap-specific early intervention using different types of parent involvement (cotherapist, parent counseling) could be implemented successfully. Compared with controls, developmental test data from the ages of 12 to 36 months showed an accelerating impact on the full-term children. However, no intervention effects could be found in the preterm children. This finding was mainly due to methodological limitations (e.g., selection bias). The best results among full-term children were found on blindness-specific scales (e.g., orientation and mobility). It is concluded that the outcomes in full-term children confirm the success of this type of early intervention.
Subject(s)
Blindness/congenital , Blindness/rehabilitation , Counseling/methods , Developmental Disabilities/prevention & control , Early Intervention, Educational/methods , Home Care Services , Activities of Daily Living , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Child Development , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Premature , Male , Orientation , Parent-Child Relations , Program Evaluation , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Parents of 85 blind children aged from 10 months to the 6th year of life were asked regarding the frequency, duration and typical situations of the occurrence of various stereotypic behaviors in their children. The Bielefeld Parents' Questionnaire for Blind and Sighted Infants and Preschoolers was used as the instrument of measurement. All of the children displayed at least one stereotypic behavior; most displayed several stereotypic behaviors according to the parents' reports. Eye poking and body rocking dominated within the prevalence hierarchy. Four typical situations could be identified in which stereotypic behaviors were shown: monotony, arousal, demand, and during feeding or eating. The results suggested that repetitive hand and finger movements, stereotypic manipulation of objects, and making a face(s) mainly occur within arousal situations whereas eye poking, whimpering, and sucking thumbs or fingers especially are linked to monotony.
Subject(s)
Blindness/psychology , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Personality Development , Social Environment , Stereotyped Behavior , Arousal , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Personality Assessment , Self Mutilation/psychologyABSTRACT
As part of a research programme on early intervention and family care for blind infants and preschoolers, the Bielefeld Parents' Questionnaire for Blind and Sighted Infants and Preschoolers was given to 85 parents of congenitally blind children. All 85 children (from 5 to 72 months) in the sample were totally blind and had no further serious disabilities. A comparison of five age groups of blind infants and preschoolers indicated that the repertoire of stereotyped behaviour patterns depended on age. After expanding from the first to the second year of life, the range of different stereotyped behaviours decreased from the age of 3 years up to school enrollment. The amount of stereotyped behaviours showed a similar course. Among the individual stereotyped behaviours, only the frequency of eye poking and body rocking increased from the first to the second year of life and then maintained a relatively high level across the entire preschool age range. The situational and person-specific conditions under which stereotyped behaviours could typically be observed also appeared to change with the child's age. While in the first years of life, monotony and arousal situations dominated among the elicited stereotyped behaviours, the 4- to 6-year-old blind children increasingly exhibited stereotyped behaviours in situations in which they were confronted with cognitive and concentrative demands. Various possible explanations of the age dependence of stereotyped behaviour patterns in blind infants and preschoolers are discussed.
