Tuberculosis in free-ranging and captive wild animals: Pathological and molecular diagnosis with histomorphological differentiation of granulomatous lesions.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious zoonotic threat, impacting the human-livestock-wildlife interface globally. Here, we evaluated the status and histomorphological differentiation of TB lesions in 89 morbid cases of wild animals (bovids, cervids, carnivores, non-human primates, and pachyderms) in India. Histomorphological and molecular studies were done using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas cultural isolation was performed on selected samples. A total of 32 (35.95%) cases were confirmed as TB, comprising of 12 carnivores, 09 bovids, 06 cervids, 04 non-human primates, and a pachyderm. The TB lesions in the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes varied from the large-sized caseous nodules filled with dry cheesy material in bovids and cervids to variable-sized cavitations containing liquefied caseum in carnivores' lungs. The lungs, livers, and spleens of non-human primates exhibited small to medium-sized nodules. Histologically, lesions were divided into four categories (Types I, II, III, and IV) based on the extent of necrosis, the presence of mineralization, giant cells, and fibrous encapsulation. Extensive caseous necrosis with calcification, abundant giant cells, and thick fibroblastic encapsulation were consistent findings in the lungs, livers, and lymph nodes of bovids and cervids, whereas airway impaction with cellular exudate containing a teeming number of acid-fast bacilli and, at times, alveolar rupture leading to cavity formation was present in the lungs of carnivores. Absence of calcification and fibrous encapsulation was recorded in lungs of non-human primates. Immunohistochemical labelling with anti-early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) antibodies showed mild, moderate, and intense positive reactions in type II and III, type I, and type IV granulomatous lesions, respectively. Molecular detection by PCR revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (12 carnivores, 02 non-human primates and 01 pachyderm), M. bovis (02 cervids and 01 bovid) and M. orygis (02 cervids and 01 bovid). Cultural isolation confirmed M. tuberculosis in 03 carnivores and M. orygis in 02 cervids and 01 bovid. Our findings imply that TB is quite prevalent in the wildlife of India and there are considerable differences in the histomorphological lesions induced by distinct Mycobacterium species in different wild animals. The circulation of TB organisms in wild animals warrants a strict surveillance programme to identify the carrier status of these animals so that effective TB control strategies can be formulated to prevent spillover and spillback incidences at the human-livestock-wildlife interface.

Molecular and pathological screening of canine distemper virus in Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar of different states, India.

The present investigation was conducted to rule out canine distemper (CD) diseases in Indian wild felids (Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar). The collected samples were screened for CD virus (CDV) by histopathology (HP), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting H gene and N gene. The HP and IHC of suspected samples portrayed that 22 [11 leopards, 6 lions, 3 tigers, 1 snow leopard and 1 civet cat] out of 129 (17.05%) wild felids were positive for CD. The major pathological consequences were observed in spleen, lung, kidney and brain. The syncytia and intranuclear as well as intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies were seen in CDV infected cells. Although the histopathological lesions in spleen were more specific and consistent, however, the severe demyelinated leukoencephalitis (usually expected in CD infected dog) was not observed in the brain of any Indian wild felids. Conversely, the CDV antigen has been portrayed via IHC in pancreatic islets of Langerhans of tiger species for the first time in this study. Moreover, the concurrent CD and babesiosis has also been observed in a lioness without a usual coffee-coloured urine. The N gene and H gene of CDV isolates were amplified, sequenced and subsequently constructed the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analysis of H gene revealed that the CDV isolates from Indian lion formed separate clade with CDV isolates from Indian dog and Indian palm civet cat. Furthermore, two CDV isolates from Indian tigers formed clade with Onderstepoort vaccine strain and CDV isolates from dogs of Uttar Pradesh, USA and UK. Evidently, CDV is circulating in Indian wild felids and causing diseases in them.

Molecular characterisation of coding regions of HIF-1a gene in Vechur cattle by cDNA sequencing.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a transcription factor stabilized by hypoxia by inducing or suppressing the homeostatic regulatory gene expression, enabling tissues and cells to survive despite fluctuations in environmental circumstances. As the name implies, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is secreted not only as a cellular response to hypoxia but also in heat stress and oxidative stress. The goal of this work was to determine the molecular characterisation of the HIF-1α gene coding region as well as the differences in HIF-1αprotein primary structure between Vechur cattle and other cattle breeds in the online databases. Total RNA was isolated from blood samples of 6 Vechur cattle using the trizol reagent method, and full-length c sequences of the HIF-1α gene were sequenced. The base pair length of composite HIF-1αcDNA of Vechur cattle and encoding ORFis 3956 bp and 2469 bp respectively. The 5'UTR was recognized to be 279 bp in length. The start codon was identified at nucleotide 280-282, the stop codon UGA at 2746-2748 bp and a 1208 bp 3'UTR which included a poly-A tail of 27 adenine residues. In a comparative analysis of the cDNA, point transitions causing guanine to adenine (G>A) changes at 1211th and 2699th positions were noticed as a heterozygous condition in the whole 3956 bp sequence. These two SNVs in the coding regions were responsible for two amino acid changes in the deduced 823 amino acid sequence. Since the predicted amino acid arginine had been replaced with lysine at 311th and 807th positions, it showed 99.76 percent sequence identity with Bos taurus. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the HIF-1α protein of Vechur cattle had a lesser evolutionary distance from the same gene of related species emphasising the highly conserved nature of this particular protein. This structural variation observed in the present study should be evaluated on a larger population to assess its functional relevance for thermo-tolerance.

A Sustainable Community-Based Model of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (Shraddha-Jagrithi Project): Protocol for a Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: India has a massive noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden, at an enormous cost to the individual, family, society, and health system at large, despite which prevention and surveillance are relatively neglected. If diagnosed early and treated adequately, risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease would help decrease the mortality and morbidity burden. Surveillance for NCDs, creating awareness, positive lifestyle changes, and treatment are the proven measures known to prevent the progression of the disease. India is in a stage of rapid epidemiological transition, with the state of Kerala being at the forefront, pointing us towards likely disease burden and outcomes for the rest of the country in the future. A previous study done by the same investigators in a population of >100,000 revealed poor awareness, treatment of NCDs, and poor adherence to medicines in individuals with CVD. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing a sustainable, community-based surveillance model for NCDs with corporate support fully embedded in the public health system. METHODS: Frontline health workers will check all individuals in the target group (≥age 30 years) with further follow-up and treatment planned in a "spoke and hub" model using the public health system of primary health centers as spokes to the hubs of taluk or district hospitals. All data entry done by frontline health workers will be on a tablet PC, ensuring rapid acquisition and transfer of participant health details to primary health centers for further follow-up and treatment. RESULTS: The model will be evaluated based on the utilization rate of various services offered at all tier levels. The proportions of the target population screened, eligible individuals who reached the spoke or hub centers for risk stratification and care, and community-level control for hypertension and diabetes in annual surveys will be used as indicator variables. The model ensures diagnosis and follow-up treatment at no cost to the individual entirely through the tiered public health system of the state and country. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance for NCDs is an essential facet of health care presently lacking in India. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has a long gestation period in progression to the symptomatic phase of the disease, during which timely preventive and lifestyle measures would help prevent disease progression if implemented. Unfortunately, several asymptomatic individuals have never tested their plasma glucose, serum lipid levels, or blood pressure and are unaware of their disease status. Our model, implemented through the public health system using frontline health workers, would ensure individuals aged≥30 years at risk of disease are identified, and necessary lifestyle modifications and treatments are given. In addition, the surveillance at the community level would help create a general awareness of NCDs and lead to healthier lifestyle habits. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry India CTRI/2018/07/014856; https://tinyurl.com/4saydnxf. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/27299.

Leprous Neuropathy: Observational Study Highlighting the Role of Electrophysiology in Early Diagnosis.

Background Worldwide leprosy is a common cause of peripheral neuropathy. Electrophysiology is underutilized in its diagnosis. Objective This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of electrophysiological study in the diagnosis of leprous neuropathy. Materials and Methods Clinical and electrophysiological abnormalities of 36 histopathology proven leprosy patients from January 2015 to January 2017 were studied. Statistical Analysis Proportions were compared by Chi-square test. Results Total patients were 36. Thirty-four patients had abnormal electrophysiology and 34 had neurological deficits like weakness, sensory changes, and thickening. By clinical examination, multiple nerve involvement (motor weakness, sensory changes, and nerve thickening) occurred in 29, single nerve in 5, and no nerve involvement in 2. With electrophysiology, multiple nerve involvement (mononeuritis multiplex) was present in 32, single nerve in 2, and normal conduction parameters in 2. From the 36 patients, a total of 1,008 nerves were subjected to clinical examination and 132 were picked up clinically as affected, (13.1%). Electrophysiological study was done in 504 nerves, and 215 were found to be involved, (43%). Nerve abnormality detected by electrophysiology is significantly higher than clinical detection. (Chi-square =164.4054; p = 0.0000). Clinically, the most commonly affected nerve was unar (27) and the least affected was median (2) nerve. Electrophysiology detected 69% of nerves with demyelination and 35% of nerves with axonal features (mosaic pattern). Discussion There was subclinical neuropathy with electroclinical dissociation, as evidenced by more abnormality in electrophysiology than clinical examination. The nerve involvement was mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex pattern, both clinically and electrophysiologically. Electrophysiology showed both axonal and demyelinating nerve involvement (mosaic pattern). All the three features are present in leprous neuropathy. In corollary, if a patient has these electrophysiological features, he should be thoroughly investigated for leprosy. Conclusion Triple findings, such as subclinical neuropathy with electroclinical dissociation, mononeuritis multiplex, and mosaic pattern of demyelination and axonopathy, suggest leprous neuropathy.

Emerging horizon for bat borne viral zoonoses.

Bats are the only flying placental mammals that constitute the second largest order of mammals and present all around the world except in Arctic, Antarctica and a few oceanic islands. Sixty percent of emerging infectious diseases originating from animals are zoonotic and more than two-thirds of them originate in wildlife. Bats were evolved as a super-mammal for harboring many of the newly identified deadly diseases without any signs and lesions. Their unique ability to fly, particular diet, roosting behavior, long life span, ability to echolocate and critical susceptibility to pathogens make them suitable host to harbor numerous zoonotic pathogens like virus, bacteria and parasite. Many factors are responsible for the emergence of bat borne zoonoses but the most precipitating factor is human intrusions. Deforestation declined the natural habitat and forced the bats and other wild life to move out of their niche. These stressed bats, having lost foraging and behavioral pattern invade in proximity of human habitation. Either directly or indirectly they transmit the viruses to humans and animals. Development of fast detection modern techniques for viruses from the diseased and environmental samples and the lessons learned in the past helped in preventing the severity during the latest outbreaks.

Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Western Ghats of India possess nematocidal property against Haemonchus contortus larvae of goats.

Nematocidal properties of spore crystal mixtures of six Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains (KAU 49, 50, 52, 61, 99 and 424) collected from Western Ghats, a biodiversity hot spot of India, were analysed against Haemonchus contortus larvae isolated from goats. One dose nematocidal assay dose response to lyophilised spore-crystal mixtures (SCM) of the six Bt strains were determined by adding 200 µg/mL of each SCMs to culture plate wells containing aqueous suspension of H. contortus larvae. Out of the strains screened, KAU 50 and 424 were found to possess nematocidal properties. Maximum nematocidal properties were exhibited 7 days post-inoculation of the lyophilised SCMs. The 50 per cent lethal concentrations deduced by log probit analysis for KAU 50 was found to be 130.59 µg/mL, whereas that of KAU 424 was found to be 144.536 µg/mL at 95 per cent confidence level. This is the first report on the nematocidal propery of Bt strains against Haemonchus contortus larvae isolated from goats. Further studies are needed for identification and characterisation of the toxin.

Crystal Protein of a Novel Bacillus thuringiensis Strain Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Leukemic Cells.

Parasporal inclusions of a native non haemolytic Bacillus thuringiensis strain KAU 59 was screened for its cytotoxicity against human lymphocytic leukemic cell line jurkat and normal human lymphocytes. The cytotoxicity of proteinase activated and non activated solubilised parasporal inclusions against both cell lines was assessed by Cell Titer 96 Aqueous Non Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay Kit using MTS. The 50 per cent effective concentration (EC50) values were deduced from log probit analysis at 48 h. Morphological changes associated with cytotoxicity were evaluated and molecular mechanisms of cell death were elucidated by TUNEL assay at 48 h post-inoculation. The fluorescence assisted cell sorting was done in the flow cytometer to assess the stage of cell cycle arrest. Relative quantification of caspase-3 expression in Jurkat cells treated with parasporal inclusion protein of KAU 59 was done by qRTPCR The results indicated that the protein was cytotoxic to jurkat cells at the same time non toxic to normal lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was evident only after proteolytic activation. Apoptotic cell death was confirmed in the protein treated cells by TUNEL Assay and also up regulated caspase-3 gene expression (P < 0.001). S phase cell cycle arrest was confirmed by and fluorescence associated cell sorting.

Association of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene polymorphism in aggressive and nonaggressive odontogenic lesions: A pilot study.

CONTEXT: The exact factors that determine the biological behavior of odontogenic lesions have not been thoroughly established yet. The influence of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on the clinical behavior of these lesions was recently brought to light. AIMS: We did a pioneer study to investigate the association of MMP9 (rs3918242 [-1562 C/T] and rs17576) and MMP2 (rs243865 [-1306 C/T] and rs865094) gene polymorphisms and aggressiveness of ameloblastomas, keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOT) and dentigerous cysts (DC). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A case-control study conducted in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Trivandrum and Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Biotechnology and Poojappura, Trivandrum, Kerala. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: DNA from the blood samples of histopathologically proven ameloblastoma (n = 15), KCOT (n = 11) and DC (n = 13) patients were extracted using standard protocols. Primers were designed based on the functionality and relevance for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi-square analysis was done to assess the association of gene polymorphisms among the cases and controls. RESULTS: Ameloblastomas showed a higher frequency of mutant allele (T = 0.43; P = 0.05) of MMP9 rs3918242 (-1562C/T) compared to the control population. All the cases showed a statistically significant difference in the distribution of genotype (P = 0.046) and allele (P = 0.03; odds ratio [OR] = 2.06 [1.08-3.95]) frequency of MMP2 rs2438659 (-1306C/T). KCOT samples also showed a significant association in distribution of both genotype (P = 0.01) and allele (P = 0.01 with an OR at 3.42 [1.31-8.92]) frequency, on comparison with control population. CONCLUSIONS: MMP2 rs243865 polymorphism has a plausible role in increasing the aggressiveness of ameloblastomas and KCOT compared to that of the control population. Furthermore, MMP9 rs3918242 polymorphism may contribute to the aggressive behavior of ameloblastomas.

Effect of heat stress on the quantitative expression patterns of different cytokine genes in Malabari goats.

A study was conducted to determine the influence of exposure to hot environment on different cytokine gene expression patterns in Malabari goat. The study was conducted in 12 (10 months to 1 year old) goats of Malabari breed for 45-day duration. The control (n = 6; C) group goats were kept under comfortable condition in the shaded pens while heat stress (n = 6; HS) group goats were kept out in the open hot environment during summer season for the study duration between 10.00 h to 16.00 h. The representative mesenteric lymph node (MLN) samples were collected from the slaughtered goats at the end of study for assessing the different cytokine gene expression and histopathological changes. Compared with C group, the expression patterns of interleukin 18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-ß (IFN-ß), and IFN-γ downregulated (P < 0.05) in the HS group. The histopathological changes of MLNs showed paucity of lymphocyte distribution in follicular areas as wells as decreased density of lymphocytes in the germinal centers of the HS group (P < 0.05). The findings from this study reflected the compromised immune functions during heat stress in Malabari goats. Further, the study established that IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-ß, and IFN-γ genes could serve as reliable immunological markers for quantifying heat stress-mediated immune response alterations in Malabari goats.

Resilience of three indigenous goat breeds to heat stress based on phenotypic traits and PBMC HSP70 expression.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of summer heat stress on physiological and behavioral responses of Osmanabadi, Salem Black, and Malabari goats. The study also evaluated the differences in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression pattern between these breeds. The study was conducted over 45 days during summer (April-May) using 36 1-year-old female goats by randomly allocating them into six groups with six animals in each group: Osmanabadi control (Osmanabadi CON), Osmanabadi heat stress (Osmanabadi HS), Malabari control (Malabari CON), Malabari heat stress (Malabari HS), Salem Black control (Salem Black CON), and Salem Black heat stress (Salem Black HS). The Osmanabadi CON, Malabari CON, and Salem Black CON animals were housed in a shed while the Osmanabadi HS, Malabari HS, and Salem Black HS groups were subjected to heat stress by exposing them to outside environment between 1000 and 1600 h during the experimental period. All 36 animals were provided with ad libitum feed and water. The data generated were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) repeated measurement analysis of variance. Results indicated that the drinking frequency (DF) was higher (p < 0.01) in heat stress groups (12.58, 12.25, and 10.75 times for the Osmanabadi HS, Malabari HS, and Salem Black HS, respectively) as compared to their respective control groups (5.67, 6.25, 5.58 times for the Osmanabadi CON, Malabari CON, and Salem Black CON, respectively). Water intake (WI) also showed similar trend to DF. The urinating frequency also (UF) differed between breeds with lower value (p < 0.05) recorded in the Salem Black HS (1.5 times) compared to the Malabari HS (2.92 times). The highest (p < 0.05) rumination time (RuT) was recorded in the Malabari HS (48.00 min) than both the Osmanabadi HS (20.91 min) and Salem Black HS (23.67 min). The heat stress increased (p < 0.05) all physiological variables at 1400 h. The findings of this study suggest RR, RT, and PBMC HSP70 are reliable biological markers for evaluating thermo-tolerance capacity of indigenous goat breeds.

Comparative assessment of heat stress induced changes in carcass traits, plasma leptin profile and skeletal muscle myostatin and HSP70 gene expression patterns between indigenous Osmanabadi and Salem Black goat breeds.

The primary objective of the study was to compare the impact of heat stress on meat production characteristics of Osmanabadi and Salem Black breed goats based on changes in carcass characteristics, meat quality attributes, plasma leptin concentration, skeletal muscle myostatin and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression patterns. The goats were randomly distributed into four groups: OSC (n = 6; Osmanabadi Control), OSHS (n = 6; Osmanabadi Heat Stress), SBC (n = 6; Salem Black Control) and SBHS (n = 6; Salem Black Heat Stress). The animals were slaughtered at the end of the study and their meat characteristics were assessed. This study established the impact of heat stress on a wide variety of carcass and meat quality characteristics in OS and SB goat breeds. The results from the study also provided some crucial evidence for a better resilience capacity of Salem Black breed as compared to Osmanabadi goats in maintaining the meat production during heat stress. The study also established plasma leptin and HSP70 genes to be the ideal biomarkers to reflect the impact of heat stress on meat characteristics in indigenous goats.

Comparative assessment of growth performance of three different indigenous goat breeds exposed to summer heat stress.

A study was conducted to assess comparatively the growth performance of three different indigenous goat breeds during exposure to summer heat stress. The primary objective of the study was to observe the heat stress impact on the growth performance based on the body weight changes, allometric measurements, growth hormone (GH) concentration and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression pattern during the summer season in comparison with the local breed (Osmanabadi). Thirty-six ten-month- to one-year-old female goats of Osmanabadi, Malabari and Salem Black breeds were randomly divided into six groups, OC (n = 6; Osmanabadi control), OHS (n = 6; Osmanabadi heat stress), MC (n = 6; Malabari control), MHS (n = 6; Malabari heat stress), SBC (n = 6; Salem Black control) and SBHS (n = 6; Salem Black heat stress). Body weight was recorded at weekly intervals, whereas other growth and allometric measurements and blood collection were carried out at fortnightly intervals. Breed factor significantly (p < .05) influenced only few growth variables such as body weight, body mass index (BMI) and body condition score (BCS). However, heat stress treatment significantly (p < .05) reduced all growth parameters expect BMI. Further, the heat stress significantly (p < .01) increased plasma GH concentration in goats with significantly higher (p < .05) concentration recorded in OHS. Among the stress groups, the lower (p < .05) PBMC IGF-1 mRNA expression was recorded in OHS, while the higher (p < .05) expression was observed in SBHS indicating the extreme adaptive capability of Salem Black breed. Thus, the results indicated that the Salem Black breed performed much better compared to both Osmanabadi and Malabari breeds indicating the superior ability of this breed to adapt to heat stress challenges. The results also indicated that plasma GH and IGF-1 gene may act as ideal biomarkers for assessing the heat stress impact on growth performance in indigenous goats.

Molecular etiopathology of naturally occurring reproductive diseases in female goats.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular etiopathology of occurrence of reproductive diseases in female goats. Reproductive diseases in goats account for major economic losses to goat farmers in terms of valuable loss of offspring and animal productivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 660 female genitalia were examined for pathological conditions (macroscopic and microscopic lesions). The etiopathological study was carried out for the presence of pathogenic organisms such as Brucella, Chlamydia, and Campylobacter in the uterus and ovary. Based on the microscopic lesions, suspected samples were subjected to diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for various etiological agents employing 16srRNA genus specific primers for Campylobacter and Chlamydophila and OMP31 gene-based PCR for Brucella melitensis and nested PCR using ITS-1 gene primers for Toxoplasma gondii. For Brucella suspected samples, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was also performed. RESULTS: In studied female genitalia, 108 (16.30%) showed gross abnormalities with overall 23.32% occurrence of pathological conditions (macroscopic and microscopic lesions). Pathological involvement of the uterus was the highest 68 (62.96%), followed by the ovaries 27 (25%) and other organs. Major uterine condition observed was endometritis (5.60%). In uterine infections, 35 (5.30%) samples were found positive for Campylobacter spp., 12 (1.81%) samples for B. melitensis, and 3 (0.45%) samples were positive for Chlamydophila spp. Among the samples positive for B. melitensis by PCR, 3 were found positive by IHC also. Corynebacterium ovis was detected by PCR using specific primers in a case of hydrosalpinx. It was concluded that many pathological lesions in female genitalia of functional significance play a major role in infertility in goats. CONCLUSION: The present study concluded that many pathological lesions in female genitalia of functional significance play a major role in infertility in goats.

A study of 1177 odontogenic lesions in a South Kerala population.

CONTEXT: A study on odontogenic cysts and tumors. AIMS: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of odontogenic cysts and tumors and their distribution according to age, gender, site and histopathologic types of those reported over a period of 1998-2012 in a Tertiary Health Care Center at South Kerala. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The archives of Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, were retrospectively analyzed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Archival records were reviewed and all the cases of odontogenic cysts and tumors were retrieved from 1998 to 2012. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the computer software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM SPSS Software version 16. RESULTS: Of 7117 oral biopsies, 4.29% were odontogenic tumors. Ameloblastoma was the most common odontogenic tumor comprising 50.2% of cases, followed by keratocystic odontogenic tumor (24.3%). These tumors showed a male predilection (1.19: 1). Odontogenic tumors occurred in a mean age of 33.7 ± 16.8 years. Mandible was the most common jaw affected (76.07%). Odontogenic cysts constituted 12.25% of all oral biopsies. Radicular cyst comprised 75.11% of odontogenic cysts followed by dentigerous cyst (17.2%). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed similar as well as contradictory results compared to other studies, probably due to geographical and ethnic variations which is yet to be corroborated.

Infantile Tremor Syndrome Persistence in Era of Development: An Old Story.

Infantile tremor syndrome is seen worldwide more commonly in the developing countries. Although various protein energy malnutrition awareness programme being run in many of these countries including India yet there is persistence of this disease. Here we present a case of 13 month old female child who visited RAPCC paediatrics OPD of Govt. Wenlock Hospital Mangaluru with history of respiratory distress, fever, tremor in limbs and loss of milestones. On examination she had pallor, hyper pigmentation in axilla and toes. Investigatory findings showed megaloblastic erythroid hyperplasia, hemoglobin- 1.6 g % and CT scan of brain showed central atrophic changes.

Evaluation of salivary DNA obtained from dental prosthesis and its applicability in forensic investigations.

AIM: This study evaluated the salivary DNA obtained from dental prosthesis after a period of storage and its applicability in human identification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In first phase, DNA was extracted after a span of 1 week and 1 month from the dental prosthesis dipped in whole saliva for 15 min. It was followed by PCR and electrophoresis. In second phase, from extracted DNA samples 15 STRs (short tandem repeats) of human genomic DNA were amplified via polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: DNA isolated from saliva stained dental prosthesis after a period of storage and the techniques employed are adequate for further forensic analysis.

Sialoblastoma: A literature review from 1966-2011.

Sialoblastoma is a rare congenital tumour of the salivary glands arising mainly from the parotid gland. It is usually diagnosed at birth or shortly thereafter with a significant variability in histological appearance and clinical course. In extensive search of PubMed indexed journals, we got 46 cases of "sialobalstoma/embryoma/congenital basal adenoma", with one case was of German literature and three additional cases of adult sialobalstoma. This article has extensively reviewed the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Computerized Tomography (CT) findings, treatment and prognosis.

Cemento-ossifying fibroma in a patient with end-stage renal disease.

The presence of chronic renal disease (CRD) is a predisposing factor for the occurrence of soft and hard tissue lesions in the oral cavity. The cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is an uncommon benign fibroosseous lesion composed of fibrocellular component and calcified materials like cementum and woven bone. A 37-year-old female patient undergoing chronic haemodialysis reported to our institution with a complaint of slow growing, nontender swelling of mandible of 6-month duration. Computed tomography disclosed an ill-defined lesion showing thinning and expansion of buccal as well as lingual cortical plate with flecks of radiopacity in centre. Incision biopsy revealed histological characteristics consistent with cemento-ossifying fibroma. The lesion was excised under local anesthesia. The histopathological examination revealed irregularly shaped bone and cementum-like hard tissue calcifications contained within hypercellular fibrous tissue stroma, leading to a confirmation of the diagnosis of cemento-ossifying fibroma. This paper aims to provide light to the fact that the soft and hard tissues of the oral region may become susceptible to the development of pathological growths in case of some particular systemic conditions.