ABSTRACT
Preclinical studies demonstrated that ocinaplon, a positive allosteric modulator of GABA(A) receptors, possesses anxiolytic-like actions at doses devoid of the side effects typically associated with benzodiazepines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ocinaplon in a multicenter, double-blind proof-of-concept trial of male and female outpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for GAD with no coexisting depression, and had a baseline score of > or =20 on the Hamilton Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). Patients with <20% reduction in HAM-A to placebo in a single-blind 7-day run-in period were randomly assigned to treatment with ocinaplon 90 mg t.i.d. (n = 31) or placebo for 28 days (n = 29). Ocinaplon was more effective than placebo in reducing HAM-A scores (P= 0.009). Patients assigned to ocinaplon exhibited a mean improvement of 14.2 points (SE = 2.6) on the total score of the HAM-A scale at the conclusion of the trial, while patients assigned to placebo obtained a mean improvement of 6.3 points (SE = 2.0). A significant (P= 0.023) difference in improvement between ocinaplon and placebo was observed beginning at and continuing from 1-week after the initiation of dosing. The proportion of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) was not statistically significant between ocinaplon and placebo. One serious adverse event (SAE) occurred in the ocinaplon group that was considered possibly related to study medication (icterus following transaminase elevations). The patient had preexisting medical conditions that may have contributed to this SAE. A full recovery was observed with no residual effects. The overall safety profile revealed no patterns of TEAEs, including those effects typically associated with other anxiolytic and/or benzodiazepine compounds, such as sedation. Ocinaplon appears to be a well-tolerated and effective treatment for GAD. It produces a rapid onset of anxiolytic action absent the side effects (e.g., dizziness, sedation) typically reported following anxiolytic doses of benzodiazepines.
Subject(s)
Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use , Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Double-Blind Method , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Statistical , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Animal tests of anxiety are used to screen novel compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic activity, to investigate the neurobiology of anxiety, and to assess the impact of other occurrences such as exposure to predator odors or early rearing experiences. This unit presents protocols for the most commonly used animal tests of anxiety. The Geller-Seifter conflict test, the social interaction test, light/dark exploration, the elevated plus-maze, defensive burying, and the thirsty rat conflict. The protocols are described in terms of drug screening tests, but can be modified easily for other purposes.
Subject(s)
Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology , Anxiety/chemically induced , Anxiety/drug therapy , Psychological Tests , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Conditioning, Operant/drug effects , Conflict, Psychological , Darkness , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Exploratory Behavior/drug effects , Gerbillinae , Humans , Lighting , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Rats , Social Behavior , Thirst/drug effectsABSTRACT
This report describes the first evaluation in humans of DOV 216,303, a putative antidepressive that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Subjects received single oral doses of 5 to 150 mg of DOV 216,303 or placebo. At 150 mg, 4 of 7 subjects reported gastrointestinal disturbances. In the multiple-dose phase of the evaluation, subjects received total daily doses of 50, 75, or 100 mg of DOV 216,303 or placebo for 10 days. At a total daily dose of 100 mg, gastrointestinal disturbances were reported in 4 of 6 volunteers. In both the single- and multiple-dose evaluations, no significant changes were noted in vital signs, electrocardiogram, hematology, or clinical chemistry. DOV 216,303 was rapidly absorbed (plasma t(max) of 0.7-1.2 hours and t(1/2) of 3.3-4.4 hours), with dose-proportional C(max) and AUC values. Furthermore, no remarkable difference was apparent in either the C(max) or AUC(tau) of DOV 216,303 following 1 and 10 days of dosing. The present results demonstrate that DOV 216,303 is safe and well tolerated both at single doses of up to 100 mg and multiple doses of up to 100 mg/day for 10 days. Plasma concentrations of DOV 216,303 after doses > 10 mg exceed its reported IC(50) values for inhibition of biogenic amine reuptake.
Subject(s)
Aza Compounds/adverse effects , Aza Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/adverse effects , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacokinetics , Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/adverse effects , Administration, Oral , Adolescent , Adult , Antidepressive Agents/chemistry , Antidepressive Agents/classification , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Area Under Curve , Aza Compounds/administration & dosage , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage , Capsules , Digestive System/drug effects , Digestive System/physiopathology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Drug Administration Schedule , Half-Life , Humans , Male , Molecular Structure , Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/blood , Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Animal tests of anxiety are used to screen novel compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic activity, to investigate the neurobiology of anxiety, and to assess the impact of other occurrences such as exposure to predator odors or early rearing experiences. This unit presents protocols for the most commonly used animal tests of anxiety. The Geller-Seifter conflict test, the social interaction test, light/dark exploration, the elevated plus-maze, defensive burying, and the thirsty rat conflict. The protocols are described in terms of drug screening tests, but can be modified easily for other purposes.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/diagnosis , Behavioral Sciences/methods , Biomedical Research/methods , Neurosciences/methods , Psychological Tests , Animals , Avoidance Learning , Conflict, Psychological , Darkness , Defense Mechanisms , Electroshock , Exploratory Behavior , Female , Interpersonal Relations , Light , Male , Maze Learning , Rats , ThirstABSTRACT
The majority of antidepressants in current use selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine. "Broad spectrum" antidepressants are compounds that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine, the three biogenic amines most closely linked to depression. The pharmacological profile of one such compound has recently been described (European Journal of Pharmacology, 461 (2003) 99). DOV 21,947, an azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, potently inhibits norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine reuptake by the corresponding human transporter proteins. DOV 21,947 is orally active in the forced swim and tail suspension tests, preclinical procedures that are highly predictive of antidepressant action in patients. A closely related compound, DOV 216,303 is safe and well-tolerated in Phase I studies. The plasma concentrations of DOV 216,303 following both single and multiple doses appear sufficient to inhibit norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake. Based on the pivotal role proposed for dopamine in depression, it has been hypothesized that a broad spectrum antidepressant will produce a more rapid onset and/or higher efficacy than agents inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Aza Compounds/therapeutic use , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use , Depression/drug therapy , Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Humans , Immobilization , Male , Mice , Swimming , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
DOV 21,947 [(+)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane hydrochloride] inhibits the reuptake of [3H]serotonin, [3H]norepinephrine, and [3H]dopamine in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells expressing the corresponding human recombinant transporters (IC(50) values of 12, 23, and 96 nM, respectively). This compound also inhibits [125I]RTI 55 (3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester) binding to the corresponding transporter proteins in membranes prepared from these cells (K(i) values of 99, 262, and 213 nM, respectively). DOV 21,947 reduces the duration of immobility in the forced swim test (using rats) with an oral minimum effective dose of 5 mg/kg. This antidepressant-like effect manifests in the absence of significant increases in motor activity at doses of up to 20 mg/kg. DOV 21,947 also produces a dose-dependent reduction in immobility in the tail suspension test, with a minimum effective oral dose of 5 mg/kg. The ability of DOV 21,947 to inhibit the reuptake of three biogenic amines closely linked to the etiology of depression may result in a therapeutic profile different from antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine.
