ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Covid-19 pandemic and its accompanying public-health orders (PHOs) have led to (potentially countervailing) changes in various risk factors for overdose. To assess whether the net effects of these factors varied geographically, we examined regional variation in the impact of the PHOs on counts of nonfatal overdoses, which have received less attention than fatal overdoses, despite their public health significance. METHODS: Data were collected from the Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program (ODMAP), which recorded suspected overdoses between July 1, 2018 and October 25, 2020. We used segmented regression models to assess the impact of PHOs on nonfatal-overdose trends in Washington DC and the five geographical regions of Maryland, using a historical control time series to adjust for normative changes in overdoses that occurred around mid-March (when the PHOs were issued). RESULTS: The mean level change in nonfatal opioid overdoses immediately after mid-March was not reliably different in the Covid-19 year versus the preceding control time series for any region. However, the rate of increase in nonfatal overdose was steeper after mid-March in the Covid-19 year versus the preceding year for Maryland as a whole (B = 2.36; 95% CI, 0.65 to 4.06; p = .007) and for certain subregions. No differences were observed for Washington DC. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic and its accompanying PHOs were associated with steeper increases in nonfatal opioid overdoses in most but not all of the regions we assessed, with a net effect that was deleterious for the Maryland region as a whole.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Opiate Overdose/epidemiology , COVID-19/virology , District of Columbia/epidemiology , Humans , Maryland/epidemiology , Naloxone/administration & dosage , Narcotic Antagonists/administration & dosage , Pandemics , Public Health/trends , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Community Health Services/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration , Emergency Medical Services/organization & administration , Medicare Part C , Mobile Health Units/organization & administration , Florida , Humans , Models, Organizational , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , United StatesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Optimal resuscitation of hypotensive trauma patients has not been defined. This trial was performed to assess the feasibility and safety of controlled resuscitation (CR) versus standard resuscitation (SR) in hypotensive trauma patients. METHODS: Patients were enrolled and randomized in the out-of-hospital setting. Nineteen emergency medical services (EMS) systems in the Resuscitation Outcome Consortium participated. Eligible patients had an out-of-hospital systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 90 mm Hg or lower. CR patients received 250 mL of fluid if they had no radial pulse or an SBP lower than 70 mm Hg and additional 250-mL boluses to maintain a radial pulse or an SBP of 70 mm Hg or greater. The SR group patients received 2 L initially and additional fluid as needed to maintain an SBP of 110 mm Hg or greater. The crystalloid protocol was maintained until hemorrhage control or 2 hours after hospital arrival. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients were randomized (97 CR and 95 SR). The CR and SR groups were similar at baseline. The mean (SD) crystalloid volume administered during the study period was 1.0 L (1.5) in the CR group and 2.0 L (1.4) in the SR group, a difference of 1.0 L (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-1.4). Intensive care unit-free days, ventilator-free days, renal injury, and renal failure did not differ between the groups. At 24 hours after admission, there were 5 deaths (5%) in the CR group and 14 (15%) in the SR group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.12-1.26). Among patients with blunt trauma, 24-hour mortality was 3% (CR) and 18% (SR) with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.17 (0.03-0.92). There was no difference among patients with penetrating trauma (9% vs. 9%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.19-19.17). CONCLUSION: CR is achievable in out-of-hospital and hospital settings and may offer an early survival advantage in blunt trauma. A large-scale, Phase III trial to examine its effects on survival and other clinical outcomes is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level I.
Subject(s)
Hypotension/therapy , Multiple Trauma/therapy , Resuscitation/methods , Adult , Canada , Crystalloid Solutions , Feasibility Studies , Female , Fluid Therapy/methods , Humans , Hypotension/mortality , Hypotension/physiopathology , Isotonic Solutions/therapeutic use , Male , Multiple Trauma/mortality , Multiple Trauma/physiopathology , Patient Safety , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , United StatesSubject(s)
Emergency Treatment , Fluid Therapy/methods , Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hypotension/drug therapy , Hypotension/etiology , Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage , Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Crystalloid Solutions , Humans , TriageABSTRACT
It's clear that EMS medical directors and management staff must be vigilant in their oversight of implementation, administration and monitoring of controlled substances within their agencies to best serve the public and avoid running afoul of investigation and incurring significant penalties. Those potentially affected by the need for individual registrations of both emergency vehicles and central inventory systems should carefully monitor upcoming developments in the interpretation od DEA regulations.
