ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe serum levels of calcium, copper, selenium, magnesium, iron and zinc and evaluate their relationship with maternal socio-demographic characteristics and dietary variables in women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Method: Cross-sectional study with 1279 participants from the INMA cohorts. Results: The concentrations of the elements analyzed were within the normal range. Associations with higher levels of these metals were found for calcium with white meat intake (p = 0.026), for copper with excess body weight (p < 0.01), low social class (p = 0.03) and being multipara (p < 0.01), for magnesium with being over 35 years old (p = 0.001), high social class (p = 0.044), primiparous status (p = 0.002) and low daily intake of bread (p = 0.009) and legumes (p = 0.020); for zinc with university education (p = 0.039) and residence in Gipuzkoa (p < 0.01), and for selenium with residence in Valencia (p < 0.01), university education (p = 0.001), vitamin B6 supplementation (p = 0.006), fish intake (> 71 g/day) (p = 0.014) and having been born in Spain (p = 0.001). Further, lower iron levels were associated with being overweight (p = 0.021) or obese (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 supplementation (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Our results suggest that trace elements in the analyzed cohorts are adequate for this stage of pregnancy. The variability in these elements is mainly linked to socio-demographic and anthropometric variables. (AU)
Objetivo: Describir las concentraciones de calcio, cobre, selenio, magnesio, hierro y zinc en muestras de suero de gestantes en el primer trimestre y evaluar la relación con las características sociodemográficas maternas y las variables de dieta. Método: Estudio transversal con 1279 participantes de las cohortes INMA. Resultados: Las concentraciones de los elementos analizados estuvieron dentro de los límites de referencia. El calcio se asoció con el consumo de carne blanca (p = 0,026). Los valores elevados de cobre se asociaron con tener exceso de peso (p < 0,01), clase social baja (p = 0.03) y ser multípara (p < 0,01). Los valores más elevados de magnesio se asociaron con tener más de 35 años (p = 0,001), clase social alta (p = 0,044), ser primípara (p = 0,002) y bajo consumo diario de pan (p = 0,009) y legumbres (p = 0,020). El zinc se asoció con tener estudios universitarios (p = 0,039) y con la cohorte de Gipuzkoa (p < 0,01). Los valores más altos de selenio se asociaron con la cohorte de Valencia (p < 0,01), tener estudios universitarios (p = 0,001), tomar suplementos de vitamina B6 (p = 0,006), consumo de pescado >71 g/día (p = 0,014) y ser española (p = 0,001). Los valores más bajos de hierro se asociaron con tener exceso de peso (p = 0,021) u obesidad (p < 0,001) y con tomar suplementos de vitamina B12 (p = 0,006). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los oligoelementos en las cohortes analizadas son adecuados para esta etapa del embarazo. La variabilidad de estos elementos está asociada principalmente a las variables sociodemográficas y antropométricas. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Adult , Serum , Trace Elements , Cross-Sectional Studies , Spain , Pregnancy Trimester, First , DietABSTRACT
Inorganic arsenic (i-As) is a non-threshold human carcinogen that has been associated with several adverse health outcomes. Exposure to i-As is of particular concern among pregnant women, infants and children, as they are specifically vulnerable to the adverse health effects of i-As, and in utero and early-life exposure, even low to moderate levels of i-As, may have a marked effect throughout the lifespan. Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (IC-ICP-MS) was used to analyse urinary arsenic speciation, as an exposure biomarker, in samples of 4-year-old children with relatively low-level arsenic exposure living in different regions in Spain including Asturias, Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia. The profile of arsenic metabolites in urine was also determined in samples taken during pregnancy (1st trimester) and in the children from Valencia of 7 years old. The median of the main arsenic species found in the 4-year-old children was 9.71 µg/l (arsenobetaine-AsB), 3.97 µg/l (dimethylarsinic acid-DMA), 0.44 µg/l (monomethylarsonic acid-MMA) and 0.35 µg/l (i-As). Statistically significant differences were found in urinary AsB, MMA and i-As according to the study regions in the 4-year-old, and also in DMA among pregnant women and their children. Spearman's correlation coefficient among urinary arsenic metabolites was calculated, and, in general, a strong methylation capacity to methylate i-As to MMA was observed.
ABSTRACT
ObjetivoDeterminar y analizar las concentraciones de siete plaguicidas organoclorados; hexaclorobenceno (HCB), beta-hexaclorociclohexano (β-HCH), gamma-hexaclorociclohexano (γ-HCH), heptacloro epóxido, beta-endosulfán, diclorodifenildicloroetileno (p,p′-DDE) y diclorodifeniltricloroetano (p,p′-DDT) en suero de adultos de cuatro zonas de Bizkaia no expuestos a fuentes conocidas de plaguicidas.MétodoSe analizaron 283 muestras individuales de voluntarios captados a partir del censo. Se les entrevistó utilizando un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas y de consumo. Se analizaron los datos utilizando la ji al cuadrado para variables discretas, y el análisis de varianza y un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para las variables continuas.ResultadosEl p,p′-DDE fue detectado en el 100% de los individuos (media: 191,43ng/g lípido), mientras que el 31% mostró valores detectables de p,p′-DDT (media: 18,9ng/g lípido). Un 96,5% de los individuos presentaban valores detectables de HCB (media: 78,56ng/g lípido); el 90,4% β-HCH (media: 42,78ng/g lípido) y un 3,5% γ-HCH. No se detectó heptacloro epóxido ni beta-endosulfán. En el modelo de regresión, el incremento de la edad aumentaba los valores de todos los plaguicidas (p<0,05). No se observaron diferencias significativas por zona de residencia, excepto para el HCB y el p,p′-DDE. Las mujeres presentaron valores significativamente más altos de HCB y de β-HCH (p<0,001). El índice de masa corporal mostró un gradiente positivo significativo con el HCB y el β-HCH (p<0,05). No se observó asociación entre los plaguicidas y otras variables, lactancia, ocupación o clase social.ConclusionesLos resultados indican que la población general adulta de Bizkaia ha estado y está expuesta a plaguicidas organoclorados. Sin embargo, sus valores se encuentran dentro del intervalo observado por otros autores (AU)
ObjectiveTo identify and analyze levels of seven organochlorine pesticides [hexachlorobenzene (HCB), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), heptachlor epoxide, beta-endosulfan, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT)] in the serum of adults of four areas of Biscay (Spain) not exposed to known sources of pesticides.MethodWe analyzed 283 individual samples from volunteers recruited from the census. The volunteers were interviewed using a questionnaire with items on demographic variables and consumption. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test for discrete variables and analysis of variance and multiple linear regression models for continuous variables.ResultsWe detected p,p′-DDE in 100% of the volunteers (mean: 191.43ng/g lipid), while 31% had detectable levels of p,p′-DDT (mean: 18.9ng/g lipid). Detectable levels of HCB were found in 96.5% of the volunteers (mean: 78.56ng/g lipid), β-HCH in 90.4% (mean: 42.78ng/g lipid) and γ-HCH in 3.5%. Heptachlor epoxide and beta-endosulfan were not detected. In the regression model higher levels of all pesticides were found with increasing age (p<0.05). There were no significant differences by area of residence, except for HCB and p,p′-DDE. Women had significantly higher levels of HCB and β-HCH (p<0.001). Body mass index showed a significant positive gradient in HCB and β-HCH (p<0.05). There was no association between pesticides and other variables, breast feeding, occupation or social class.ConclusionsThese results indicate that the general adult population of Biscay has been and is exposed to organochlorine pesticides. However, their levels are within the range observed by other authors (AU)
