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1.
Front Psychol ; 5: 621, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24999338

ABSTRACT

Reaction times to previously ignored information are often delayed, a phenomenon referred to as negative priming (NP). Rothermund et al. (2005) proposed that NP is caused by the retrieval of incidental stimulus-response associations when consecutive displays share visual features but require different responses. In two experiments we examined whether the features (color, shape) that reappear in consecutive displays, or their level of processing (early-perceptual, late-semantic) moderate the likelihood that stimulus-response associations are retrieved. Using a perceptual matching task (Experiment 1), NP occurred independently of whether responses were repeated or switched. Only when implementing a semantic-matching task (Experiment 2), negative priming was determined by response-repetition as predicted by response-retrieval theory. The results can be explained in terms of a task-dependent temporal discrimination process (Milliken et al., 1998): Response-relevant features are encoded more strongly and/or are more likely to be retrieved than irrelevant features.

2.
Exp Psychol ; 60(1): 12-21, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22851376

ABSTRACT

The hypothesis that retrieval of the prime response is responsible for the negative priming (NP) effect has gained popularity in recent studies of visual identity NP. In the current study we report an experiment in which we aimed to remove the response from the prime memory trace by means of spatio-temporal separation. Compared to an identical experiment without this separation (Ihrke et al., 2011), we find that the response-retrieval-specific interaction is absent indicating that the separation was successful in preventing response-retrieval. Still, both negative and positive priming are present as main effects which show that processes other than response-retrieval can produce NP. In addition, based on recordings of the eye-movements during task processing, we localize the NP effect in a target-selection process while positive priming manifests in facilitated response-selection. Our results are in line with a multiple-route view of NP.


Subject(s)
Memory/physiology , Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Adult , Eye Movements/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult
3.
Front Psychol ; 3: 491, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23162523

ABSTRACT

We introduce a computational model of the negative priming (NP) effect that includes perception, memory, attention, decision making, and action. The model is designed to provide a coherent picture across competing theories of NP. The model is formulated in terms of abstract dynamics for the activations of features, their binding into object entities, their semantic categorization as well as related memories and appropriate reactions. The dynamic variables interact in a connectionist network which is shown to be adaptable to a variety of experimental paradigms. We find that selective attention can be modeled by means of inhibitory processes and by a threshold dynamics. From the necessity of quantifying the experimental paradigms, we conclude that the specificity of the experimental paradigm must be taken into account when predicting the nature of the NP effect.

4.
PLoS One ; 7(3): e32946, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22427915

ABSTRACT

The present study addresses the problem whether negative priming (NP) is due to information processing in perception, recognition or selection. We argue that most NP studies confound priming and perceptual similarity of prime-probe episodes and implement a color-switch paradigm in order to resolve the issue. In a series of three identity negative priming experiments with verbal naming response, we determined when NP and positive priming (PP) occur during a trial. The first experiment assessed the impact of target color on priming effects. It consisted of two blocks, each with a different fixed target color. With respect to target color no differential priming effects were found. In Experiment 2 the target color was indicated by a cue for each trial. Here we resolved the confounding of perceptual similarity and priming condition. In trials with coinciding colors for prime and probe, we found priming effects similar to Experiment 1. However, trials with a target color switch showed such effects only in trials with role-reversal (distractor-to-target or target-to-distractor), whereas the positive priming (PP) effect in the target-repetition trials disappeared. Finally, Experiment 3 split trial processing into two phases by presenting the trial-wise color cue only after the stimulus objects had been recognized. We found recognition in every priming condition to be faster than in control trials. We were hence led to the conclusion that PP is strongly affected by perception, in contrast to NP which emerges during selection, i.e., the two effects cannot be explained by a single mechanism.


Subject(s)
Attention , Color , Visual Perception/physiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time , Repetition Priming
5.
Front Psychol ; 2: 225, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22007178

ABSTRACT

In most psychological experiments, a randomized presentation of successive displays is crucial for the validity of the results. For some paradigms, this is not a trivial issue because trials are interdependent, e.g., priming paradigms. We present a software that automatically generates optimized trial sequences for (negative-) priming experiments. Our implementation is based on an optimization heuristic known as genetic algorithms that allows for an intuitive interpretation due to its similarity to natural evolution. The program features a graphical user interface that allows the user to generate trial sequences and to interactively improve them. The software is based on freely available software and is released under the GNU General Public License.

6.
Exp Psychol ; 58(2): 154-61, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21106474

ABSTRACT

The existence of across-notation automatic numerical processing of two-digit (2D) numbers was explored using size comparisons tasks. Participants were Arabic speakers, who use two sets of numerical symbols­Arabic and Indian. They were presented with pairs of 2D numbers in the same or in mixed notations. Responses for a numerical comparison task were affected by decade difference and unit-decade compatibility and global distance in both conditions, extending previous findings with Arabic digits (Nuerk, Weger, & Willmes, 2001). Responses for a physical comparison task were affected by congruency with the numerical size, as indicated by the size congruency effect (SiCE). The SiCE was affected by unit-decade compatibility but not by global distance, thus suggesting that the units and decades digits of the 2D numbers, but not the whole number value were automatically translated into a common representation of magnitude. The presence of similar results for same- and mixed-notation pairs supports the idea of an abstract representation of magnitude.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Mental Recall/physiology , Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Female , Humans , Male , Photic Stimulation
7.
Exp Aging Res ; 36(3): 346-58, 2010 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20544452

ABSTRACT

Using a negative priming paradigm, the authors tested whether age-related interference effects are due to age differences in perceptual distractibility or in resolving conceptual competition. In samples of 40 younger adults (aged 22-34) and 40 older adults (aged 58-76), the authors found a greater reduction in processing speed for older than for younger adults in trials in which targets were superimposed with distracting objects as compared to single-target trials. When trials were paralleled for perceptual features, that is, when single-target trials were supplemented with nonsense distractors, the age effect became nonsignificant. The results suggest that age-related interference effects are primarily due to age differences in perceptual distractibility.


Subject(s)
Reaction Time/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Adult , Aged , Attention/physiology , Color Perception , Cues , Female , Humans , Male , Photic Stimulation , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Young Adult
8.
Psychophysiology ; 47(5): 921-30, 2010 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20230496

ABSTRACT

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained from an identity priming task, where a green target had to be selected against a superimposed red distractor. Several priming conditions were realized in a mix of control (CO), negative priming (NP), and positive priming (PP) trials. PP and NP effects in reaction times (RTs) were significant. ERP results conceptually replicate earlier findings of left-posterior P300 reduction in PP and NP trials compared to CO. This ERP effect may reflect the detection of prime-probe similarity corresponding to the concept of a retrieval cue. A novel finding concerned amplitude increase of the frontal late positive complex (LPC) in the order NP, CO, and PP. NP therefore seemed to induce brain activity related to cognitive control and/or memory processes, with reduced LPC amplitude indicating effortful processing. Overall, retrieval-based explanations of identity NP are supported.


Subject(s)
Cues , Evoked Potentials/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Adult , Electroencephalography , Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time/physiology , Young Adult
9.
Exp Aging Res ; 34(4): 340-66, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18726749

ABSTRACT

Three negative-priming studies were carried out to examine whether this paradigm allows a separation of the effects of aging on access, deletion, and restraint control of inhibition. In each study 24 younger (18 to 35 years old) and 24 older (57 to 82 years old) adults were asked to identify pictures. The results reveal difficulties among older adults in preventing the access of distracting perceptual input into responses; however, the ability to restrain inappropriate answers and the ability to delete once-relevant information are not affected by age.


Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Attention/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Color , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neural Inhibition/physiology , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time/physiology
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