ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics and bone concentrations of oritavancin were investigated after a single intravenous dose was administered to rabbits. The pharmacokinetic profile of oritavancin in rabbits showed that it is rapidly distributed to bone tissues, with concentrations remaining stable for up to 168 h, the last measured time point. Based on these findings, further evaluation of oritavancin for the treatment of infections in bone tissues is warranted.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Bone Marrow/metabolism , Glycopeptides/pharmacokinetics , Tibia/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood , Area Under Curve , Biological Availability , Biological Transport , Bone Marrow/chemistry , Glycopeptides/blood , Injections, Intravenous , Lipoglycopeptides , Male , Rabbits , Tibia/chemistrySubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Osteomyelitis/drug therapy , Prodrugs/chemistry , Rifamycins/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Osteomyelitis/prevention & control , Prodrugs/administration & dosage , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Rats , Rifamycins/administration & dosage , Rifamycins/chemical synthesis , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effectsABSTRACT
CYP1A2 is involved in the metabolism of both caffeine and propafenone, a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent. Despite the widespread consumption of caffeine, drug-drug interactions with this agent are often overlooked. This study investigated effects of propafenone on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eight healthy volunteers were included in our study. A total of 300 mg of caffeine was given on 2 occasions, once alone and once during the coadministration of 300 mg propafenone. Serial blood samples were collected and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a population pharmacokinetic approach. A one-compartment PK model with first-order absorption and elimination described plasma concentration profiles. Concomitant administration of propafenone decreased caffeine oral clearance from 8.3 +/- 0.9 L/h to 5.4 +/- 0.7 L/h (P < 0.05). Elimination half-life of caffeine was also increased 54% by propafenone. One of our volunteers was a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. Concomitant administration of propafenone to this volunteer caused the greatest increase in caffeine plasma concentrations. These results support the concept of competitive inhibition between propafenone and caffeine. Our results suggest that propafenone causes significant inhibition of CYP1A2 activity leading to a decrease in the clearance of caffeine. Caffeine has intrinsic proarrhythmic effects; thus, its coadministration with an antiarrhythmic agent such as propafenone should be used with caution, especially in patients with poor CYP2D6 activity.
Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/pharmacology , Caffeine/pharmacokinetics , Propafenone/pharmacology , Adolescent , Adult , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism , Drug Interactions , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The RNA polymerase holoenzyme is a proven target for antibacterial agents. A high-throughput screening program based on this enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus had previously identified a 2-ureidothiophene-3-carboxylate as a low micromolar inhibitor. An investigation of the relationships between the structures of this class of compounds and their inhibitory- and antibacterial activities is described here, leading to a set of potent RNA polymerase inhibitors with antibacterial activity. Characterization of this bioactivity, including studies of the mechanism of action, is provided, highlighting the power of the reverse chemical genetics approach in providing tools to inhibit the bacterial RNA polymerase.
