ABSTRACT
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proved effective in the management of primary tumors and individual metastases. However, most cancer mortality arises from wide-spread multiple metastases. The latter has thus become the principal target in oncology, and X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (XPDT or PDTX) offers a great solution for adapting the PDT principle to deep tumors and scattered metastases. Developing agents capable of being excited by X-rays and emitting visible light to excite photosensitizers is based on challenging physical and chemical technologies, but there are fundamental biological limitations that are to be accounted for as well. In the present review, we have established eight major groups of safety determinants of NPs encompassing 22 parameters of clinical applicability of XPDT nanoparticulate formulations. Most, if not all, of these parameters can be accounted for and optimized during the design and development of novel XPDT nanoparticles.
ABSTRACT
Mitochondria have long been studied as the main energy source and one of the most important generators of reactive oxygen species in the eukaryotic cell. Yet, new data suggest mitochondria serve as a powerful cellular regulator, pathway trigger, and signal hub. Some of these crucial mitochondrial functions appear to be associated with RNP-granules. Deep and versatile involvement of mitochondria in general cellular regulation may be the legacy of parasitic behavior of the ancestors of mitochondria in the host cells. In this regard, we also discuss here the perspectives of using mitochondria-targeted compounds for systemic correction of phenoptotic shifts.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism , Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism , Humans , Mitochondrial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Reactive Oxygen Species , Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
In the present study, the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of candidate genes with respect to polymorphisms associated with increased pregnancy loss in the first trimester of pregnancy, including MMP11607insG, MMP9 A8202G, and TIMP1 С536T, were reported. The frequency of homozygotes for allele MMP9 A8202 was increased by a factor of two among women with miscarriage in the first trimester compared to the control. Significant models of interaction of genes MMPs and TIMP1 were revealed. The genotypes of genes MMP1 (rs1799750), MMP9 (rs11697325), and TIMP1 (rs11551797) increasing the risk of pregnancy loss in the first trimester were determined.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Spontaneous/genetics , Alleles , Gene Frequency , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Pregnancy Trimester, First/genetics , Abortion, Spontaneous/enzymology , Adult , Female , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First/metabolism , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/genetics , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolismABSTRACT
The first inter-laboratory comparison organized by the radiochemistry laboratory of Water Research Institute (WRI) in Bratislava was carried out in 1993 and since then is it realized on an annual basis and about 10 radiochemical laboratories from all over Slovakia are participating. The gross alpha and gross beta activities, and the activity concentrations of (222)Rn, tritium, and (226)Ra, and U(nat) concentration in synthetic water samples are compared. The distributed samples are covering the concentration range prevailing in potable and surface waters and are prepared by dilution of certified reference materials. Over the course of the years 1993-2008, we observed the improvement in the quality of results for most of the laboratories. However, the success rate of the gross alpha determination activity is not improving as much as the other parameters.
