ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: When common mental disorders (CMD) co-occur with HIV/AIDS, they can complicate patient diagnosis, help-seeking behaviors, quality of life, treatment outcomes, and drug adherence. Thus, estimating the pooled prevalence of CMD and its association with perceived stigma and social support among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Ethiopia could potentially support policymakers and health professionals to understand the disease burden and set a solution to improve the mental well-being of PLWHA. METHODS: Popular databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Psych-INFO as well as Google Scholar, AJOL, CINAHL, PILOTS and Web of Science were searched for the relevant articles conducted in Ethiopia. We included cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies in the review. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 3.0 was used to pool the results of the included studies. The Q- and I2-statistics were used to assess the heterogeneity between the included studies. We employed a random-effects meta-analysis model to estimate the pooled prevalence of CMD and to account for heterogeneity among the included studies. We also conducted a leave-one-out analyses, and stratified meta-analyses by gender (male and female). RESULTS: The studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis were published between 2009 and 2021, recruiting a total of 5625 participants. The pooled estimated prevalence of CMD among PLWHA in Ethiopia was 26.1% (95% CI 18.1-36.0). The pooled estimated prevalence of CMD was significantly higher among females, at 39.5% (95% CI 21.2-39.0), compared to males, 26.9% (95% CI 15.6-31.7). Moreover, the pooled estimated prevalence of CMD in PLWHA ranged from 23.5 to 28.9% in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, indicating that the removal of any single study did not significantly affect the pooled estimate. The pooled effects (AOR) of Perceived HIV stigma and poor perceived social support on common mental disorder were 2.91, 95% CI (1.35-6.29) and 5.56, 95% CI (1.89-16.39), respectively. CONCLUSION: People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who received poor social support and those with HIV-related perceived stigma were found to have strong association with CMD. Therefore, it is advisable that all PLWHA attending ART clinic should be screened for CMD, social support and HIV-related perceived stigma.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It has been estimated that approximately 14% of maternal death has resulted due to pregnancy-induced hypertension. Evidence also suggests that pregnancy-induced hypertension may result in adverse maternal and child outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of pregnancy-induced hypertension among mothers attending antenatal and delivery services at public health hospitals in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. METHODS: An institutionally based unmatched case-control study was conducted at three public hospitals. A total of 283 study participants were recruited for this study. Cases were selected consecutively as they were being diagnosed for pregnancy-induced hypertension, and two controls were selected for each case. Data were collected via the face-to-face interview technique using a pretested questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictor variables and produced odds ratio (OR) as a measure of association. RESULTS: The mean ± (SD) ages of cases and controls were 26.1 ± 5.4 and 26.1 ± 4.5 years, respectively. Being rural residents (AOR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.09-4.65), illiterate (AOR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.20-8.08), having the history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR: 6.62, 95% CI: 2.48-17.71), history of kidney disease (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.05-9.38), and family history of hypertension (AOR: 5.59, 95% CI: 2.73-11.45) were determinants that increased the odds of suffering from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. More importantly, eating vegetables and fruit reduces the odds of suffering from pregnancy-induced hypertension by 77% (AOR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.79). CONCLUSION: Being rural residents, illiterate, having a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and history of kidney disease, as well as the family history of hypertension were identified determinates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the study area. Furthermore, fruit and vegetable intakes were identified as protective factors for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention of this disorder are warranted to reduce adverse outcomes.
