Subject(s)
Abortion, Induced , Abortion, Spontaneous , Data Collection , Female , Humans , PregnancySubject(s)
Communication , Health Promotion/methods , Sexuality , Adolescent , Humans , Journalism, Medical , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use.
Subject(s)
Contraception Behavior/psychology , Contraception/psychology , Pregnancy, Unplanned/psychology , Decision Making , Family Planning Services/standards , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Services Accessibility/standards , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & controlSubject(s)
Attitude to Health , Family Planning Services , Patient Satisfaction , Sexology , Female , Health Services Accessibility , Humans , Male , Needs AssessmentSubject(s)
Contraception , Family Planning Services/economics , Health Services Accessibility , Abortion, Legal , Adolescent , Adult , Contraceptive Agents , Female , Forecasting , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Unwanted , Public Health , Public Policy , United KingdomABSTRACT
The Fertility Regulation Group of the Cochrane Collaboration has been assessing the best available evidence on fertility regulation, family size and birth spacing. By the end of 2005, this group had published 32 systematic reviews and 12 protocols; most reviews were on contraception. Because of suboptimal trial quality, firm conclusions could be made in only five reviews. Threats to internal validity in published trials include the absence of description of allocation concealment, intentional exclusion of participants after randomization, failure to use intention-to-treat analyses and lack of treatment blinding. The precision of results has been limited by small sample sizes. The finding that most trials of oral contraceptives were conducted by pharmaceutical companies raises concerns about potential commercial bias. Of necessity, most information about fertility regulation effectiveness and adverse effects comes from observational studies, which vary widely in quality. Systematic reviews of evidence, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials when available, will continue to improve fertility regulation in the years ahead.
Subject(s)
Clinical Trials as Topic , Family Planning Services , Sex Education/methods , Counseling/methods , Drug Industry/ethics , Family Planning Services/organization & administration , Female , Fertility/drug effects , Fertility/physiology , Humans , Male , Reproducibility of ResultsSubject(s)
Contraception/methods , Language , Terminology as Topic , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Humans , Risk , Sexual Behavior , United KingdomABSTRACT
This Guidance provides information for clinicians providing women with copper-bearing intrauterine devices as long-term contraception. A key to the grades of recommendations, based on levels of evidence, is given at the end of this document. Details of the methods used by the Clinical Effectiveness Unit (CEU) in developing this Guidance and evidence tables summarising the research basis of the recommendations are available on the Faculty website (www.ffprhc.org.uk). Abbreviations (in alphabetical order) used include: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); actinomyces-like organisms (ALOs); automated external defibrillator (AED); blood pressure (BP); British National Formulary (BNF); confidence interval (CI); copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD); emergency contraception (EC); Faculty Aid to Continuing Professional Development Topic (FACT); levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (IUS); human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA); non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); odds ratio (OR); pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); relative risk (RR); Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG); Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN); sexually transmitted infection (STI); termination of pregnancy (TOP); World Health Organization (WHO); WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria (WHOMEC); WHO Selected Practice Recommendations (WHOSPR).
