[Crystallography of the lacrimal fluid as a method for predicting the risk of developing cataract in patients with primary glaucoma]. / Kristallografiia sleznoi zhidkosti kak metod prognozirovaniia riska razvitiia katarakty u bol'nykh pervichnoi glaukomoi.

Results of crystallographic analysis of the lacrimal fluid in patients with glaucoma combined with cataract are analyzed. The characteristic features of lacrimal crystallograms of such patients consist in changed ratio of the crystallization zones with disappearance of the intermediate zone and appearance of stellate structures on crystallograms of patients with progressing cataracts. The method of lacrimal crystallography is suggested to be used in examinations of patients with glaucoma.

[Electrostimulation of the phrenic nerve in dogs]. / Elektrostimuliatsiia diafragmal'nogo nerva u sobak.

Respiratory parameters have been studied by electrical stimulation of phrenic nerves (EPN) in 12 dogs. The optimal parameters of an electrical stimulus were found for long-term EPN. EPN increased minute respiratory volume, when respiratory rate raised to 18 per min, and decreased, when respiratory rate diminished to 6 per min. Another parameter--oxygen utilization index--diminished at high respiratory rate and increased at low one, which reflected hyper- or hypoventilation status, respectively. The data obtained indicate that controlled lung ventilation may maintain living status of dogs for a long time without alteration of general respiratory parameters.

[Electrophysiologic assessment of the spastic syndrome in patients with a traumatic lesion of the spinal cord]. / Elektrofiziologicheskaia otsenka spasticheskogo sindroma u bol'nykh s travmaticheskim porazheniem spinnogo mozga.

In 34 patients general electromyography was used to assess the duration of muscle spastic contraction. H-reflex values ratio before and after vibration was calculated. These 2 techniques allowed a quantitative evaluation of spasticity.

[Jendrassik's maneuver for determination of efferent conduction in spinal cord injuries]. / Priem Endrassika dlia opredeleniia éfferentnoi provodimosti pri travme spinnogo mozga.

The effect of Jendrassik's manoeuvre on test H-responses of the gastrocnemius muscle was studied in 40 patients with trauma of the spinal cord and in 6 healthy individuals. In healthy individuals Jendrassik's manoeuvre led to a decrease of the amplitude of H-responses by 1.6-2.5 times (2.1 times on the average). The H-responses were also inhibited (by 1.3-2.0 times, 1.7 times on the average) in 7 patients in whom movements of the lower limbs were partly maintained. In 15 of 33 patients with lower limb paraplegia the H-responses were inhibited (by 1.2-2.4 times, 1.5 times on the average); Jendrassik's manoeuvre produced no effect in the other 18 patients of this group. It is concluded that the quantitative index of the effect of Jendrassik's manoeuvre on test monosynaptic reflexes of the lower limb muscles can be used for evaluating the maintenance of conductivity along the efferent conduction pathways of the spinal cord.

[Diagnostic significance of the H-reflex in traumatic lesions of the spinal cord]. / Diagnosticheskoe znachenie H-refleksa pri travmaticheskom porazhenii spinnogo mozga.

The study of H-reflexes, their latent periods and M-responses involved 69 patients with trauma to the spinal cord. The results showed that these parameters were normal in 39 patients. The remaining patients lacked H- or M-responses, which was indicative of inhibition of neural and muscular activity due to disorders of hemodynamic and metabolic processes in the spinal cord or in muscles of the lower extremities. The study of latent periods and the speed of impulse conduction along the peripheral nerve revealed that after an injury to the spinal cord some patients presented impairment of impulse conduction at the level of the spinal cord or spinal radicles as a result of their compression.

[Studies of efferent conductivity along the spinal cord after traumatic injury]. / Issledovanie éfferentnoi provodimosti po spinnomu mozgu pri ego travmaticheskom porazhenii.

Study of the audiospinal effect on the monosynaptic reflex in healthy individuals showed that sound stimulations increased the amplitude of the H-reflex response. Intensification of the H-response was evidence of functioning efferent conduction along the spinal cord pathways. This provided the basis for using the audiospinal effect for testing the functional condition of the efferent spinal pathways in patients with traumatic lesion of the spinal cord. Twenty two patients with spinal cord injury were examined. Sound stimulation increased the H-response amplitude in 9 patients with paraparesis and in 6 patients with paraplegia. In the other 7 patients with lower limb paraplegia the H-response was not intensified by sound stimulation. This was evidence of disturbed efferent conduction along the spinal cord, which corresponded clinically to total impairment of all conduction functions of the spinal cord for a long time after the trauma.

[Stroke-like course of brain tumors]. / Insul'topodobnoe techenie opukholei mozga.

An analysis of 106 verified cases of brain tumours has been carried out. In one group of patients (51), a clinical picture of acute impairments of the blood circulation inside, in the vicinity and at the periphery of tumour is described. Specific features of the differential diagnosis of tumor and hemorrhagic stroke are presented. Some principles of the treatment of these patients are also offered. The other group (55 cases) has been studied to specify the differential diagnosis between brain tumour and ischemic stroke. The similarities and differences of the clinical picture in the tumour patients and in the control group patients with abnormal major vessels are outlined.

[Electrostimulation of the anal sphincter in incontinence among patients with spinal cord lesions]. / Elektrostimuliatsiia anal'nogo sfinktera pri neupravliaemom akte mocheispuskaniia u bol'nykh s travmaticheskim porazheniem spinnogo mozga.

The effect of electrostimulation of the rectum on the sphincter of the urinary bladder in patients with traumatic damage to the spinal cord and involuntary micturition was studied. It was established that the therapeutic effect of electrostimulation was determined by the parameters of the stimulating current. The optimum parameters were as follows: pulse duration, 0.8-1 msec; pulse shape, rectangular, diphase; frequency of electric pulse flow, 50 per sec. Output voltage--4 to 15 v. These electric current parameters were fed into a constructed electric stimulator of the urinary bladder sphincter ESMP 15-1. The effect of electric stimulation of the bladder sphincter in patients with damage to the spinal cord was highest in mild resistance of the sphincter; after a course of therapeutic electrostimulation the resistance grew. This facilitated the possibility of holding the urine in patients with injury to the spinal cord.

[Study of the audiospinal effect on the H-reflex]. / Issledovanie audiospinal'nogo vliianiia na H-refleks.

Studies of the audiospinal effect on the H-reflex demonstrated that in normal test subjects and in patients with injuries to the spinal cord coupled with parapareses and in part of patients with paraplegia of the lower limbs, there was a sound-induced 30-70% increase in the amplitude of the H-reflex. As the interval between the conditioning sound and testing electric stimulations was raised, two maxima of the increment of the H-reflex amplitude within 30-40 ms and 80-100 ms were revealed. The increased H-response within these intervals seems likely to be connected with the conduction of excitation from the brain cortex via the pyramidal tract and the reticulospinal tract. Part of the patients with spinal cord injuries and paraplegia of the lower limbs did not manifest any sound-induced increase in the H-reflex. Apparently, such lack of increase is either a consequence of the functional blockade of the afferent conduction tract or that of their anatomical disturbance. The method of the audiospinal effect on the H-reflexes may be used for diagnostic purposes, namely for the determination of the conduction via the afferent cerebrospinal tract.

[Regeneration of electrical activity in anterior abdominal wall muscles following prolonged atrophy]. / Vosstanovlenie élektricheskoi aktivnosti myshts perednei briushnoi stenki posle ikh dlitel'noi atrofii.

A possibility of restoration of the functional condition of the anterior abdominal wall muscles was demonstrated by the electrical activity parameters following long-term atrophy caused by a giant ventral hernia. Restoration of electromyographic indices was more complete when the anterior abdominal wall was stabilized with synthetic prosthesis material, since the muscle fibers in this case failed to be involved in the suture and were in functionally advantageous position.

[Electrical activity of motor unit action potentials following spinal cord injury]. / Elektricheskaia aktivnost' potentsialov deistviia dvigatel'nykh edinits posle travmy spinnogo mozga.

The author studied the action potentials (AP) duration of the gastrocnemius and the tibial muscles motor units (MU) in patients with the spinal cord trauma by means of local electromyography. The AP duration of the gastrocnemius decreased by 27% on the average, and of the tibial muscle--by 38% in comparison with the normal age values. There was no direct dependence between the reduction of the AP duration of the gastrocnemius and the tibial muscle MU on the spinal cord affection level, the posttraumatic period duration, and the spastic syndrome expression. Changes in the AP duration of the MU were apparently due to different degree of the atrophic process resulting from prolonged adynamia.

[Use of local electromyography for revealing conductivity along efferent pathways in patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord ]. / Ispol'zovanie lokal'noi élektromiografii dlia vyiavleniia provodimosti po éfferentnym spinnomozgovym putiam u bol'nykh s travmaticheskim porazheniem spinnogo moza

Electrical activity of the gastrocnemius and of the tibial muscles were examined in the patients with the spinal cord trauma during the active strain to extend or to flex the foot; action potentials of the motor units (MU) were recorded in a number of these patients during the mentioned volumtary efforts, despite the absence of interference electromyogram (EMG). A voluntary MU activation led to the conclusion on a possibility of detection by the local EMG method of the efferent conductivity partially persisting after the trauma along the spinal cord route.

[The effect of novocaine on the electrical activity of nodes of Ranvier in high and low pH solutions].

The minimal concentrations of procaine which block the action potentials of a single Ranvier node were determined under decreased and increased pH in the bathing solution. The changes in concentrations of the basic [B] and cationic [BH+] form of procaine with pH were of monotonic character: [B] drops and [BH+] grows with pH increase. The dependence of membrane excitability (fraction of channels are able to excite) on pH was nonmonotonic; it is low under increased and decreased pH. On the basis of these data the hypothesis that the membrane of the Ranvier node may interact with a definite form of procaine is rejected. T he quantitative analysis shows that the membrane interacts with both the basic and cationic forms of procaine but the efficiency of this interaction is different.