[Circadian rhythms of acid production and alkalization in the stomach of healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients].

We studied 24-h rhythms of acid production and alkalization in 30 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and 30 healthy subjects using upper endoscopic examination and computer intragastric pH-metry. Gastric acid production was higher in DU patients and was more intensive in the daytime than at night. Healthy subjects had low and monotonous acid production. In DU decompensation of alkalization in the antral stomach and suppression of duodenogastric reflux is total. In healthy subjects antrum alkalization is more evident and intensive at night due to, among other causes, duodenogastric reflux.

[Clinical significance of "night acid burst" phenomenon in patients with duodenal ulcer].

The article discloses the results of the examination and treatment of duodenal ulcer patients with or without "nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough". This phenomenon was recorded in 19% patients. They have night heartburn, complicated duodenal ulcer in anamnesis, on the one hand, and more long duration of ulcer healing, decreasing efficiency of eradication Helicobacter pylori, on the other hand.

[Characteristics of the psychological status of patients with peptic ulcer].

The article discusses changes in the psychological status and the forming of various types of attitude towards the disease in patients with a favorable and unfavorable course of peptic ulcer (PU). The subjects of the study were 82 patients with exacerbation of PU; among them there were 30 patients with a favorable and 52 patient with a complicated course. Patients with a favorable course of PU did not displayed prominent peaks in SMOL profile, which reflected a relatively benign state of their psychological status. Favorable type of response to the disease--harmonic and anosognostic--with lesser social disadaptation prevailed in these patients. On the contrary, patients with a complicated course of PU displayed a relative increase in the profile on the scales, reflecting a higher tension in combination with diadaptive response to the disesase, which should be taking into account when correcting treatment.

[On correlations between the clinical course of peptic ulcer and the patients, compliance and quality of life].

The article is dedicated to changes in life quality (LQ) and mental status, and to forming of various types of response to the disease in patients with benign and unfavorable course of peptic ulcer (PU). The subjects were 140 patients in acute phase of PU, in 66 of whom the course of the disease was benign, and in 74--unfavorable. In both groups there were patients with low and satisfactory LQ. High level of nervousness was typical of patients with low LQ and benign course of the disease. Patients with satisfactory LQ and unfavorable course of the disease were characterized by minor personality changes, but developed an agnostic response to the disease much more frequently. Reduction of compliance was found mainly in patients with low LQ and an agnostic response; this should be taken into consideration while correcting the therapy.

[Quality of life and vegetative status of patients with ulcer disease].

AIM: To analyse features of vegetative status of patients with ulcer disease (UD) with reference to quality of life (QL), course of UD, clinical and secretory-motor characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 200 UD patients were examined. UD was at the stage of exacerbation, new-onset, with a favourable or unfavourable course. The vegetative status was studied by parameters of Kerdo index, variation pulsometry, vegetative crises, insomnia. Quality of life (QL) was assessed by a medicosocial questionnaire. The patients were divided into two groups: with satisfactory and unsatisfactory QL. 120 patients had 24-h pH-metry. RESULTS: Among patients with normal QL normotonics and vagotonics prevailed. Low QL was seen in sympathicotonics. Sleep disorders and vegetative crises were in patients with vegetative imbalance, especially in combination with unsatisfactory QL. The worst QL was associated with sympathicotony. Vegetative balance was observed in a favourable UD course, moderate in time duodenogastric reflux (DGR). Sympathicotony runs with marked DGR, vasotony--minimal DGR, scare symptoms. CONCLUSION: Vegetative dysfunction in UD is due to permanent or paroxysmal vegetative disorders. Sympathicotony is accompanied with dyskinetic pain syndrome and longer duodenogastric reflux which is tolerated bad. Vegetative dystonia is more often in unfavorable course of UD.

[Gastroduodenal reflex in duodenal ulcer and chronic hyperacidic gastritis]. / Duodenogasteral'nyi refliuks pri iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsiatiperstvoi kishki i khronicheskom giperatsidnom gastritom.

AIM: To study motor and secretory function of the stomach and duodenum in duodenal ulcer (DU) and chronic hyperacidic gastritis (CHG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Autonomic nervous system was studied and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 24-h intragastric pH-metry were made in 42 DU and 20 CHG patients. RESULTS: In comparable secretion, the patients of the above groups differed by severity and frequency of duodenogastric reflux (DGR). Grave and moderate DGR was typical for CHG and DU in the absence of complications. Minimal DGR occurred in DU with complications. CONCLUSION: DGR severity may be of prognostic significance for DU course.

[Role of duodenogastric reflus in pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer]. / O roli duodenogastral'nogo refliuksa v patogeneze iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

Duodenal ulcer is characterized by certain recurrence and occurs more often in men than in women. One can assume that functional changes, which are characterized by the seasonal nature and sex differences, play some role in its pathogenesis. There was a study of the duodenogastric reflux role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. It was revealed that duodenal reflux is provoked in about one half of patients sent for an endoscopic examination, less frequently--in spring and autumn, and least of all--in male patients with duodenal ulcer during seasons of the maximum frequency of duodenal ulcer exacerbations. The frequency of duodenogastric reflux provocation went down on days of geomagnetic storms. One could observe certain dependence between the extent and duration of reflux, on the one hand, and clinical registration of the disease, on the other hand.

[Estimation of somatic, emotional, and behavioral reactions of monkeys in chronic experiments]. / Otsenka somaticheskikh i émotsional'no-povedencheskikh reaktsii obez'ian vo vremia provedeniia khronicheskikh éksperimentov.

Long-term chronic experiments with conditioning of monkeys and biophysical and pharmacological stimulation require monitoring somatic, emotional, and behavioral reactions. To form experimental groups, it is necessary to estimate baseline psychosomatic state of a monkey. We developed a method of monitoring the functional state of Macaca monkeys and scoring state parameters. With slight modification, this method may be applied to other monkey species.

[Dynamics of reorganization of instrumental food getting behavior of monkey under conditions of reinforcement delay]. / Dinamika reorganizatsii instrumental'noi pishchedobyvatel'noi reaktsii pri uvelichenii zaderzhki podkrepleniia u obez'ian.

Six adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained to switch on a lamp by pressing the lever, to hold the lever for not less than 1 s (the lamp being switched on), and get a portion of food. After reaching a learning criterion, the delay between the lever pressing and food reinforcement was increased to 2.5 s. The experimental procedure was repeated in three experimental sessions with 2-month between-session intervals. It was shown that the retraining process after the uneven change in the delay duration developed in three stages: (1) stage of emotional hyperreactivity that reflected a mismatch between the cation and absence of the expected result; (2) stage of intermediate stabilization, when the percent of efficient attempts was the same as under conditions of 1-s delay; (3) stage of purposive instrumental lever holding till the moment of reinforcement presentation.

[Circadian monitoring of intragastric pH in evaluation of efficiency of antisecretory therapy of duodenal ulcer]. / Sutochnoe monitorirovanie vnutrizheludochnoi kislotnosti v otsenke éffektivnosti antisekretornoi terapii iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

Inhibitors of proton pump are thought "golden standard" in the treatment of ulcer. Usage of omeprasol generics in standard doses sometimes fail to adequately reduce acid production. In pain persistence in patients with duodenal ulcer receiving standard antisecretory therapy it is effective to control it with 24-h intragastric pH-metry which either indicate the necessity of dose correction or another cause of pain (concomitant affections as a rule). As shown by 24-h pH-metry, a new generic of omeprasol, omeprus, is close by effectiveness to the known drug omeaz.

[Characteristic features of adaptation to experimental conditions in primates with various initial keeping conditions]. / Osobennosti adaptatsii k éksperimental'nym usloviiam u primatov s razlichnymi iskhodnymi sposobami soderzhaniia.

Ethological study of emotional state and behavior was carried out in male macaques of two species (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis), which were divided in three groups according to their initial keeping: isolated, family, and gregarious. During instrumental conditioning, the initial keeping was changed for identical conditions (individual caging or sitting in a primatological chair). It was shown that adaptation to stress associated with a sharp enviromental change depended on initial keeping conditions. Monkeys brought up in family with experience of both intra- and interspecies interactions (for example, monkey--human) had the highest adaptation and learning abilities. Individual and gregarious keeping of monkeys impoverished their individual experience, and their adaptation to experimental conditions required additional efforts. The learning of individually caged monkeys was successful, if their keeping conditions were not changed. Initially gregarious monkeys were successfully trained after their habituation to contact with humans.

[A technique for the operant conditioning to differentiate signals during reinforcement delay in primates]. / Sposob operantnogo obucheniia differentsirovaniiu signalov vo vremia otsrochki podkrepleniia u primatov.

A new technique of training the primates to differentiate signals immediately during execution of the instrumental act (pushing the lever) was proposed. The technique makes it possible to study the processes of decision making during activation of the executive (motor) brain systems.

[Complaints as reflection of psychic status in patients with duodenal ulcer exacerbation]. / Zhaloby kak otrazhenie psikhicheskogo statusa bol'nykh pri retsidive iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

AIM: Study of relationship between leading complaints of patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) exacerbation and their psychic status, attitude to the disease and quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Psychological questionnaire surgery enrolled 94 males with endoscopically revified uncomplicated recurrence of DU. RESULTS: Patients complaining of dull epigastric pains only demonstrated minimal psychological changes. Their attitude to the disease is primarily ergopathic, sensitive and anosognosic. Nausea and vomiting complains come along with neurotization, maladaptation (anxiety, neurasthenia, egocentric attitude) and deterioration of quality of life. CONCLUSION: Patients with nausea and vomiting complaints need correction of psychic status to achieve psychological compensation in remission of DU.

[The late results in the surgical treatment of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the arteries of the lower extremities]. / Otdalennye rezul'taty operativnogo lecheniia bol'nykh obliteriruiushchim aterosklerozom arterii nizhnikh konechnostei.

Long-term outcomes of surgical treatment were examined in 157 patients with atherosclerosis obliterans of lower extremity arteries. Complications of an atherosclerotic process are a basic cause of death in the patients in the long-term postoperative period. More than half (53.7%) the deaths were due to coronary heart disease. In a group of patients in whom coronary heart disease was not diagnosed prior to surgery, death from myocardial infarction was observed in 20.4% of cases during 5 years. Hypokinetic hemodynamics is a poor predictor of survival of patients with lower extremity artery atherosclerotic occlusions.

[The activation and inhibitory postactivation effects of chemical interoceptive stimulation under normal conditions and in experimental neurosis]. / Aktivatsionnoe i tormoznoe posleaktivatsionnoe vliianie khemointerotseptivnogo razdrazheniia v norme i pri éksperimental'nom nevroze.

The realisation of hemointeroceptive effects was found to begin with a period of the brain activation. In normal conditions a positive correlation was found between the EEG arousal response and the concentration of mustard administered into the stomach. In experimental neurosis, both regulatory influences of the hemointeroceptive stimulation were decreased.

[Changes in the central reacting to an interoceptive signal in experimental neurosis]. / Izmenenie tsentral'nogo ragirovaniia na interotseptivnyi signal pri éksperimental'nom nevroze.

The EEG arousal response to gastric distension, was studied. Neurotization reduced the response to interoceptive stimulation. This seems to be due to disturbance of the central analysis of interoceptive stimuli including the disturbance of normal activity of the activation-deactivation mechanism.

[Clinico-functional characteristics of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities and painless myocardial ischemia]. / Kliniko-funktsional'naia kharakteristika bol'nykh obliteriruiushchim aterosklerozom arterii nizhnikh konechnostei s bezbolevoi ishemiei miokarda.

During manually performed exercise, ECG revealed silent myocardial ischemia-related ST segment depression in 62 patients with atherosclerosis obliterans in the lower limbs in the absence of evident signs of coronary abnormalities. The patients displayed decreased cardiac output, elevated total peripheral resistance, structural and functional alterations in the end blood flow system, and diminished exercise tolerance as compared to healthy subjects and atherosclerosis obliterans patients with negative loading tests. The aforementioned abnormalities were also revealed in subjects suffering from atherosclerosis obliterans in the lower limbs and documented coronary heart disease.

[The neurophysiological mechanisms of the perception of interoceptive signals]. / Nekotorye neirofiziologicheskie mekhanizmy vospriiatiia interotseptivnykh signalov.

The EEG arousal response was studied in conditions of gastric distension, the arousal response depending on the intensity of the distension. Repeated interoceptive stimuli led to the habituation. The data obtained help to better understand the mechanisms of normal and pathological types of activity of visceral systems.