Ultrafiltration for acute decompensated heart failure: financial implications.

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in older patients and is considered a public health problem with a significant financial burden on the health care system. Ultrafiltration represents an emerging therapy for patients with heart failure with a number of advantages over the conventional therapy. In this article, a summary of the relevant pathophysiological mechanisms such as removal of inflammatory cytokines are provided that might indeed be associated with a number of financial implications for ultrafiltration. Then practical points such as training of physicians and staff that need to be considered by physicians and medical centers with regards to financial implications of this therapy are reviewed.

Ultrafiltration for acute decompensated heart failure: cost, reimbursement, and financial impact.

In addition to the proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms whereby ultrafiltration (UF) can be advantageous over diuretics in the treatment of heart failure, there can also be financial and resource-utilization reasons for pursuing this extracorporeal strategy. In those cases in which the clinical outcomes would be equivalent, however, the decision whether to pursue UF will depend greatly on the anticipated hospitalization length of stay (LOS), the patient population's pay or mix, the needs and costs for high-acuity (eg, intensive care unit) care, and widely varying expenses for the equipment and disposable supplies. From a fiscal perspective, the financial viability of UF programs revolves around how improvements in LOS, resource utilization, and readmissions relate to the typical diagnosis-driven (eg, diagnosis-related group) reimbursement. We analyzed the impact of these various factors so as to better understand how the intensity (and expense) of pharmaceutical and extracorporeal therapies impacts a single admission, as well as to serve as the basis for developing strategies for optimizing long-term care.

Reducing patient financial liability for hospitalizations: the physician role.

With increasingly strict guidelines for insurance coverage, hospitals have adopted meticulous resource utilization review and management processes. It is important for physicians to appreciate that careful documentation of certain patient parameters may not only optimize the facility's reimbursement but have profound impact on the patient's out-of-pocket expenses. Hospital utilization teams have access to the frequently changing national payor guidelines for policy benefits, usually revolving around whether the patient meets medical necessity criteria for being classified as an "inpatient" vs. an "observation" outpatient. Those statuses are not merely time-based, and lead to marked differences in patient deductibles and coverage for medication, room, procedure, laboratory, and ancillary charges. There are nationally-recognized guidelines for classification, based on severity of illness and intensity of services provided. By participating in case management activities, physicians can have an important patient advocate role, and thereby minimize the financial burden to these individuals and their families.