[Spinal stereotactic body radiotherapy: French assessment in 2016]. / État des lieux de la radiothérapie en conditions stéréotaxiques vertébrale en France en 2016.

PURPOSE: Stereotactic body radiotherapy to vertebral column remains uncommon practice and only relevant in selected group of patients. The main objective of the study was to describe the current state of medical practices of stereotactic body radiotherapy to vertebral column in France in 2016 and to assess the diversity of practices to identify areas for improvement and establish a common database set for this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was written with contribution of a medical physicist, a radiation oncologist, an information technologist and a radiotherapy resident. The questionnaire was distributed online to a radiation oncologists and a medical physicists partner of selected French radiotherapy specialized centres that provide stereotactic body radiotherapy to vertebral metastasis from April to June 2016. The questionnaire surveyed the following topics: patients' selection, simulation, targeted volume and organs at risk delineation, prescription, dosimetric implementation and image guidance. RESULTS: A total of 31 centres were surveyed. Seventy eight per cent of centres (n=21) completed the questionnaire. The "ideal" patient for spine stereotactic radiotherapy according to these institutions has a good performance status, a long life expectancy, controlled primary tumour with oligometastatic spread. The most prescribed protocol was 30Gy in three fractions. For clinical target volume delineation, about two thirds of centres used the International Spine Radiosurgery Consortium (ISRC) recommendations (Noël G et al.,2006). CONCLUSION: This study identified some consistency of practices in some aspects despite the lack of consensus guidelines. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to establish consensus of planning and treatment.

[Image-guided radiotherapy and partial delegation to radiotherapy technicians: Clermont-Ferrand experience]. / Radiothérapie guidée par l'image et partage des tâches avec les manipulateurs en électroradiologie : expérience de Clermont-Ferrand.

The various image-guided radiotherapy techniques raise the question of how to achieve the control of patient positioning before irradiation session and sharing of tasks between radiation oncologists and radiotherapy technicians. We have put in place procedures and operating methods to make a partial delegation of tasks to radiotherapy technicians and secure the process in three situations: control by orthogonal kV imaging (kV-kV) of bony landmarks, control by kV-kV imaging of intraprostatic fiducial goldmarkers and control by cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging for prostate cancer. Significant medical overtime is required to control these three IGRT techniques. Because of their competence in imaging, these daily controls can be delegated to radiotherapy technicians. However, to secure the process, initial training and regular evaluation are essential. The analysis of the comparison of the use of kV/kV on bone structures allowed us to achieve a partial delegation of control to radiotherapy technicians. Controlling the positioning of the prostate through the use and automatic registration of fiducial goldmarkers allows better tracking of the prostate and can be easily delegated to radiotherapy technicians. The analysis of the use of daily cone beam CT for patients treated with intensity modulated irradiation is underway, and a comparison of practices between radiotherapy technicians and radiation oncologists is ongoing to know if a partial delegation of this control is possible.

[Partial delegation to radiation therapists of the control by onboard imaging of patient positioning]. / Délégation partielle du contrôle de position du patient par imagerie embarquée aux manipulateurs en électroradiologie.

PURPOSE: Daily set up of patients with prostate cancer using orthogonal kV/kV imaging and weekly set up control require 1h to 1h30 of off line revision by a radio-oncologist per day and per accelerator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility to delegate this control to radiation therapists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The files of 33 patients (including 13 with prostate cancer) treated from November 2010 to February 2011 on a Varian™ Clinac IX accelerator with an OBI™ system were evaluated. Radiation therapists made the daily kV/kV imaging. Radiation therapists made the online control by kV/kV for patient repositioning and radio-oncologists made the offline reviews; the results were compared and analysed (seven radiation therapists and seven radio-oncologists). For an isocentre displacement of 5mm, the radiation therapist had to call the radio-oncologist to make a medical decision (treatment or patient displacement). The difference of measures and the concordance of decisions between radiation therapists and radio-oncologists were calculated. RESULTS: Five hundred and fifty-six measures were made for 33 treatments, including 226 measures for prostate cancer treatment. The difference of measures between radiation therapists and radio-oncologists was 3mm or less in 93.7% for all treatments and 96.2% for prostate cancer treatment. The concordance of decision between radiation therapists and radio-oncologists for measures up to 4mm was 97% (CI95±2%) vs. 57% (CI95±10%) for measures equal to or higher than 5mm (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Radiation therapists are able to do daily set up using kV/kV on the bony structures of patients with prostate cancer, with a risk of disagreement higher than 3mm less than 4%. The weekly set up controls (different primaries) can be delegated to the radiation therapists, subject to an accurate procedure using a medical alert for a given threshold. Training and competence certification are required to secure the process.

Adherence with oral oncologic treatment in cancer patients: interest of an adherence score of all dosing errors.

PURPOSE: Patient nonadherence to oral antineoplastic therapy is a well-recognized barrier to effective treatment. In order to identify patients who may need additional support to become adherent, it is important to have a useful tool that takes into account all the parameters of adherence to prescription. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate adherence of oral antineoplastic agents and to investigate two calculation methods of adherence score. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine cancer patients were enrolled in this study. Fourteen were treated by capecitabine and 15 patients by aromatase inhibitors. Adherence was measured using a medication event monitoring system and adherence score was calculated by a usual method and a composite adherence score that takes into account missed doses and also intake interval errors (between 2 doses and between meals). RESULTS: Across the 6-month evaluation period, average adherence was 95% with the standard calculation (capecitabine group: 89%; aromatase inhibitor group: 99%) versus 83% with the composite index (capecitabine group: 62%; aromatase inhibitor group: 99%) (p = 0.030). The composite calculation permits to highlight more nonadherent patients (29.6 vs. 7.4%), particularly in the capecitabine group (73 vs. 18%, p = 0.001). We report 2 cases identified as nonadherent with composite adherence rate. CONCLUSION: The composite adherence score permits to better evaluate adherence to prescription and to identify barriers to adherence and persistence.

Feasibility of high-dose three-dimensional radiation therapy in the treatment of localised non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment of inoperable and/or non-resectable IIIA/B non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Aware of the necessity to increase local control in locally advanced NSCLC, we analyzed the feasibility of high-dose three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of localised NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We undertook a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with non-resectable NSCLC treated with high-dose (74Gy) standard-fractionation 3D-CRT, with particular attention to the relationship between lung and heart radiation-induced toxicities. RESULTS: Fifty patients (41 males, 9 females) were included. A total of 35 (70%) patients received the planned total dose of 74Gy. Patients irradiated to inferior doses interrupted the treatment because of limiting toxicities. Induction and concurrent chemotherapy was delivered to 39 (78%) and 14 (28%) patients, respectively. Eight (16%) patients experienced grade 3-4 acute lung toxicity, all of them having a history of pulmonary disease, a FEV1 below 1.6 L, and a lung V(20) of at least 25%. Three (6%) patients were deemed to experience radiation-induced cardiac toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: This study assesses the feasibility of delivering a total dose of 74 Gy combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC. High lung and heart V(20) increases the risk of radiation-induced lung and cardiac toxicity, the later being highly difficult to precisely assess, as late deaths are rarely documented, and responsibility of the treatment might be often underestimated. The precise evaluation of cardiac condition may be helpful to spare fragile patients from potentially toxic effects of high-dose radiation, especially in controlled trials.

[Brachytherapy for head and neck cancers (nasopharynx excluded)]. / Curiethérapie des cancers de la tête et du cou (cavum exclu).

Brachytherapy is one of the standard treatments of head and neck cancers. The main indications are: the oral cavity, the oropharynx, the lips, the peri-orificial skin carcinomas on the face, the postoperative treatments for T1-2/N0 cancers of the oral cavity with close or positive margins, the second cancers in previously irradiated areas, the intra-operative brachytherapy for recurrent cervical lymph node metastases from previously irradiated tissues after maximal surgical debulking. The major prognostic factors published allowed to improve the technique: using a leaded protection of the mandible, the intersource spacing (1,2-1,4 cm), the volume treated (30 cm3, i.e. three loops), the safety margin (5 mm), the dose rate (0,5 Gy/h), the total dose (65 Gy in case of exclusive brachytherapy, 25 Gy in case of a combination of external beam irradiation [50 Gy] and brachytherapy in the oropharyngeal carcinomas, 35 Gy in case of a combination of external beam irradiation [40 Gy] and brachytherapy in the oral cavity carcinomas, 60 Gy in case of a second cancer in previous irradiated tissues), the delay between external irradiation and brachytherapy (< 20 days). The pulse dose rate brachytherapy should improve results with the control of the dose rate and the optimization of the dose distribution. For high dose rate brachytherapy, more results are needed to recommend this technique for routine use.

[Radiotherapy optimization in breast cancer: filtration, electronic compensation, intensity modulation]. / Optimisation de la radiothérapie du cancer du sein: filtration, compensation électronique, modulation d'intensité

Purpose of radiation treatment after conservative surgery for breast cancer is improvement of long-term local control rate and reduction of heart and pulmonary toxic events for women with long life expectancy. Breast irradiation with intensity modulation might be promising, as results of treatment planning (dose-volume histogram and normal tissue complication probability) showed. Project of our study is to evaluate the advantage of each following techniques: wedged plans, electronic compensation and intensity modulation.

[Brachytherapy in carcinomas of anal canal and rectum: techniques and results]. / Curiethérapie des cancers du rectum et du canal anal: techniques et résultats.

Conservative treatment of small anal canal and low rectal cancers is a valid alternative to radical surgery through combinated strategies including external beam and/or intracavitary irradiation, concomitant chemotherapy and 192 iridium implantation as a booster dose. Feasibility, tolerance and results are effective. Local control of the disease and the quality of the anal functions are good. The treatment requires great care in patient selection and follow-up.

[Locally advanced non-small-cell bronchial cancer: role of exclusive chemoradiotherapy]. / Cancer bronchique non à petites cellules localement évolué: place de la chimioradiothérapie exclusive.

Lung cancer is the most frequent form of malignant tumours. The prognosis is poor with a 5-year cure rate which increased from approximately 6% in the sixties to only 15% in the nineties. Surgery remains the reference treatment but only a small minority of patients (about 25%) present with operable disease. The post-surgical 5-year survival is only 25%, providing the rationale for the current research on adjuvant treatments for control of both local and metastatic disease. In that context, the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, commonly referred to as chemo-radiotherapy, has assumed considerable importance: either exclusively in inoperable patients (inoperable tumour or patients inoperable for medical reasons), or pre-operatively. This article reviews the results of the pivotal definitive chemoradiotherapy studies in non-metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. With exclusive chemoradiation, the concomitant scheme seems to be the most favourable, results issued from randomised studies are expected to confirm that point. An increased toxicity is observed, and the advent of conformal therapy may allow another survival gain. Optimal treatments integration will be necessary.