ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which neuropsychological performance parameters implicated in ADHD might mediate the relationship between emotional lability (EL) and this disorder. Method: Eight hundred twelve adult patients with ADHD were examined. EL was assessed using the EL subscale of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). To assess cognitive and executive functions, a battery of neuropsychological tests was performed in 262 patients with ADHD and high EL symptomatology and 550 patients with ADHD and low EL symptomatology. Results: Several differences between groups were found regarding neuropsychological performance; however, nearly all significant differences disappeared when the effect of gender, inattention, and hyperactive symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities were taken into account. Conclusion: Our results do not support the hypothesis that neuropsychological deficits are associated with EL in adults with ADHD.
Subject(s)
Affective Symptoms/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Mood Disorders/psychology , Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Personality Disorders/psychology , Adult , Executive Function , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating ScalesABSTRACT
Introducción. El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) presenta una etiología compleja, atribuida principalmente a múltiples genes de susceptibilidad y factores ambientales. No obstante, los estudios genéticos de asociación han sido inconsistentes, identificando variantes genéticas de efecto moderado que explican una pequeña proporción de la heredabilidad estimada del trastorno (< 10%). Recientes estudios sugieren que la microbiota intestinal y la dieta desempeñan un papel importante en el desarrollo y los síntomas de diferentes trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, en la actualidad no existe una claridad absoluta al respecto. El presente proyecto propone un abordaje alternativo para identificar mecanismos a través de los cuales el ecosistema microbiano intestinal y la dieta podrían contribuir a la presencia del TDAH. Objetivo. Identificar biomarcadores para el TDAH a través del estudio de la microbiota intestinal. Sujetos y métodos. Estudio transversal de pacientes adultos con TDAH (n = 100) y de individuos control (n = 100). En ambos grupos se tomarán medidas de evaluación de TDAH y hábitos alimentarios. Se obtendrán muestras fecales para la extracción del ADN bacteriano, que permitirán caracterizar la microbiota intestinal de los participantes, para posteriormente realizar un estudio de asociación metagenómico e intentar correlacionar la composición bacteriana intestinal con subtipos clínicos del trastorno. Resultados y conclusiones. Se espera que la comparación de los perfiles de microbiota intestinal entre sujetos con TDAH y controles ayude a explicar la heterogeneidad clínica del trastorno e identificar nuevos mecanismos implicados en su desarrollo (AU)
Introduction. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a complex aetiology, mainly attributed to a number of susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Genetic association studies, however, have been inconsistent and have identified genetic variants with a moderate effect that explain a small proportion of the estimated inheritability of the disorder (< 10%). Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota and diet play an important role in the development and symptoms of different mental disorders. Nevertheless, no clear evidence exists on the issue. This project proposes an alternative approach to identify mechanisms by which the intestinal microbial ecosystem and diet could contribute to the presence of ADHD. Aim. To identify biomarkers for ADHD by examining the gut microbiota. Subjects and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult patients with ADHD (n = 100) and control subjects (n = 100). Measures of ADHD evaluation and eating habits were performed in both groups. Samples of faecal material were obtained from which to extract bacterial DNA, then used to characterise the participants gut microbiota. A metagenomics association study was later performed to attempt to correlate the bacterial composition of the intestine with the clinical subtypes of the disorder. Results and conclusions. Comparing the gut microbiota profiles of subjects with ADHD and controls is expected to help account for the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder and identify new mechanisms involved in its development (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Biomarkers/analysis , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/diagnosis , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Risk Factors , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The risk for major depression and obesity is increased in adolescents and adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent ADHD predicts adult depression and obesity. Non-pharmacological interventions to treat and prevent these co-morbidities are urgently needed. Bright light therapy (BLT) improves day-night rhythm and is an emerging therapy for major depression. Exercise intervention (EI) reduces obesity and improves depressive symptoms. To date, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been performed to establish feasibility and efficacy of these interventions targeting the prevention of co-morbid depression and obesity in ADHD. We hypothesize that the two manualized interventions in combination with mobile health-based monitoring and reinforcement will result in less depressive symptoms and obesity compared to treatment as usual in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. METHODS: This trial is a prospective, pilot phase-IIa, parallel-group RCT with three arms (two add-on treatment groups [BLT, EI] and one treatment as usual [TAU] control group). The primary outcome variable is change in the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology total score (observer-blinded assessment) between baseline and ten weeks of intervention. This variable is analyzed with a mixed model for repeated measures approach investigating the treatment effect with respect to all three groups. A total of 330 participants with ADHD, aged 14 - < 30 years, will be screened at the four study centers. To establish effect sizes, the sample size was planned at the liberal significance level of α = 0.10 (two-sided) and the power of 1-ß = 80% in order to find medium effects. Secondary outcomes measures including change in obesity, ADHD symptoms, general psychopathology, health-related quality of life, neurocognitive function, chronotype, and physical fitness are explored after the end of the intervention and at the 12-week follow-up. DISCUSSION: This is the first pilot RCT on the use of BLT and EI in combination with mobile health-based monitoring and reinforcement targeting the prevention of co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. If at least medium effects can be established with regard to the prevention of depressive symptoms and obesity, a larger scale confirmatory phase-III trial may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00011666. Registered on 9 February 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03371810. Registered on 13 December 2017.
Subject(s)
Affect , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Depression/prevention & control , Exercise Therapy/methods , Exercise , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , Phototherapy/methods , Telemedicine/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic , Comorbidity , Depression/etiology , Depression/psychology , Europe , Exercise Therapy/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Pediatric Obesity/etiology , Pediatric Obesity/physiopathology , Phototherapy/adverse effects , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introducción. El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo altamente prevalente, presenta una elevada comorbilidad con sintomatología afectiva y ansiosa, afecta a la funcionalidad de la persona que lo padece, tienen una baja adhesión terapéutica y genera unos costes sociales y personales elevados. El mindfulness es un tratamiento psicológico que ha demostrado ser eficaz para el TDAH. La realidad virtual es un tratamiento altamente utilizado en fobias y extendido a otras patologías con resultados positivos. Objetivo. Desarrollar el primer tratamiento con realidad virtual y mindfulness para el TDAH en la edad adulta, que suponga un aumento en la adhesión terapéutica y reduzca costes. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio piloto de 25 pacientes tratados con realidad virtual, mediante cuatro sesiones de 30 minutos, y 25 mediante psicoestimulantes. Se tomarán medidas de evaluación pretratamiento, postratamiento y postratamiento a los 3 y 12 meses, tanto de TDAH como de depresión, ansiedad, funcionalidad y calidad de vida. Se analizarán posteriormente con el programa SPSS v. 20 y se realizará un ANOVA de grupos independientes para ver las diferencias entre tratamientos y un test-retest para detectar el mantenimiento de los cambios. Resultados y conclusiones. Es necesaria la utilización de tratamientos que sean efectivos, supongan una reducción en los costes y un aumento en la adhesión terapéutica. El tratamiento con realidad virtual se plantea como una alternativa a los tratamientos clásicos, que sea más breve y atractiva para los pacientes (AU)
Introduction. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, which presents a high comorbidity with anxiety and affective signs and symptoms. It has repercussions on the functioning of those suffering from it, who also have low therapy compliance and generate a significant cost both at a personal level and for society. Mindfulness is a psychological treatment that has proved to be effective for ADHD. Virtual reality is widely used as treatment in cases of phobias and other pathologies, with positive results. Aims. To develop the first treatment for ADHD in adults based on virtual reality and mindfulness, while also resulting in increased treatment adherence and reduced costs. Patients and methods. We conducted a pilot study with 25 patients treated by means of virtual reality, in four 30-minute sessions, and 25 treated with psychostimulants. Measures will be taken pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3 and 12 months post-treatment, to evaluate both ADHD and also depression, anxiety, functionality and quality of life. Data will be later analysed with the SPSS v. 20 statistical program. An ANOVA of independent groups will be performed to see the differences between treatments and also a test-retest to detect whether the changes will be maintained. Results and conclusions. It is necessary to use treatments that are effective, reduce costs and increase therapy adherence. Treatment with virtual reality is an interesting alternative to the classical treatments, and is shorter and more attractive for patients (AU)
