ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Few individuals that are latently infected with M. tuberculosis latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) progress to active disease. We investigated risk factors for LTBI and active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Germany. METHODS: Healthy household contacts (HHCs), health care workers (HCWs) exposed to M. tuberculosis and PTB patients were recruited at 18 German centres. Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) testing was performed. LTBI risk factors were evaluated by comparing IGRA-positive with IGRA-negative contacts. Risk factors for tuberculosis were evaluated by comparing PTB patients with HHCs. RESULTS: From 2008-2014, 603 HHCs, 295 HCWs and 856 PTBs were recruited. LTBI was found in 34.5% of HHCs and in 38.9% of HCWs. In HCWs, care for coughing patients (p = 0.02) and longstanding nursing occupation (p = 0.04) were associated with LTBI. In HHCs, predictors for LTBI were a diseased partner (odds ratio 4.39), sexual contact to a diseased partner and substance dependency (all p < 0.001). PTB was associated with male sex, low body weight (p < 0.0001), alcoholism (15.0 vs 5.9%; p < 0.0001), glucocorticoid therapy (7.2 vs 2.0%; p = 0.004) and diabetes (7.8 vs. 4.0%; p = 0.04). No contact developed active tuberculosis within 2 years follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Positive IGRA responses are frequent among exposed HHCs and HCWs in Germany and are poor predictors for the development of active tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
Latent Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Female , Germany/epidemiology , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Interferon-gamma Release Tests , Latent Tuberculosis/microbiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Young AdultSubject(s)
Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Tuberculosis/transmission , Adolescent , Adult , Communicable Disease Control , Contact Tracing , Disease Progression , Female , Germany , Humans , Incidence , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultSubject(s)
Contact Tracing/methods , Food Microbiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/epidemiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Child , Commerce , Disease Outbreaks , Female , Germany/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interferon-gamma-releasing assays QuantiFERON-tuberculosis (TB) Gold and T-SPOT.TB in addition to tuberculin skin test (TST) for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV patients. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cross-sectional study for asymptomatic HIV-infected outpatients from a large University hospital. INTERVENTION: Simultaneous performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold, T-SPOT.TB and TST. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and risk factors for a positive test reaction and the concordance (kappa) between the tests were investigated. RESULTS: Of 286 enrolled patients, 81% were men; median age was 44 years, the median CD4 cell count 408/microl (range 7-1510) with a median nadir of 126/microl (range 0-749). A number of patients (63.8%) had undetectable HIV RNA (<50 copies/ml). Both T-SPOT.TB and QuantiFERON-TB showed more positive test results than TST: 25.2 and 20.0% (P = 0.133) compared with 12.8% (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Agreement between T-SPOT.TB and TST (kappa = 0.201) respectively QuantiFERON-TB and TST (kappa = 0.335) was fair, but only poor between the serological assays (kappa = 0.146). T-SPOT.TB provided more indeterminate results than QuantiFERON-TB (8 vs. 1/256, P < 0.01). Patients with a positive QuantiFERON-TB result had higher median CD4 cell counts (457 vs. 405 cells/microl for patients with negative result, P = 0.044); the amount of released interferon-gamma correlated with CD4 cell counts (rho = 0.199; P < 0.002). T-SPOT.TB results were independent from CD4 cell counts. CONCLUSION: In HIV-infected patients from a low prevalence TB country, both interferon-gamma assays are more sensitive than TST, but seem to be less sensitive than in immunocompetent patients. The blood tests show poor agreement and differ in their dependence on the CD4 cell count.
