Gagging prevention using nitrous oxide or table salt: a comparative pilot study.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare two methods for reducing gagging induced by stimulation of the soft palate: table salt and nitrous oxide inhalation sedation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy volunteers, eight men and seven women with a mean age of 20.6 years, were subjected to a gagging event three times using a large tablespoon to stimulate the soft palate: event 1 = spoon alone, event 2 = spoon and table salt on the tip of the tongue with a 30-minute break between events 1 and 2, and event 3 = spoon and nitrous oxide sedation on another day. Time in seconds was measured from the moment the spoon touched the soft palate until gagging was felt using a chronometer held by the subject. RESULTS: The mean time for eliciting the gagging reaction was 7.7 seconds for the spoon alone, 8.9 seconds for the spoon and table salt, and 24.0 seconds for the nitrous oxide sedation. Nitrous oxide inhalation sedation significantly (P < .001) reduced the gagging/retching reaction, whereas there was no significant time difference in gagging reaction between stimulation with the spoon alone or when table salt was added. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this study, table salt did not seem to reduce the time to triggering the gag reflex, whereas nitrous oxide had a substantial effect.

Greek brief pain inventory: validation and utility in cancer pain.

OBJECTIVE: The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a pain assessment tool. It has been translated into and validated in several languages. The purpose of this study was the translation into and validation of the BPI in Greek. Moreover, we wanted to detect cultural and social differences, if any, of pain interference in patients' lives. METHODS: The translation and validation of the inventory took place at the Areteion Hospital. The final validation sample consisted of 220 cancer patients (123 males, 97 females, age range 21-87 years, mean age 61.3). Primary cancer locations were lung 25.6%, gastrointestinal tract 25.6%, breast 11.5%, prostate 7.07%, gynecological cancers 9.6% and others 20.57%. The patients themselves completed the majority of the Greek BPI (G-BPI) papers. The pain management index (PMI) was also calculated in order to assess the adequacy of pain treatment. Assessing the reliability and the validity made the actual validation of the G-BPI. RESULTS: Pain severity and pain management: 147 patients reported severe pain, 48 patients moderate, and 25 patients mild pain (mean average pain 6.22). From these patients only 21 were found on strong and 33 on weak opioid treatment, while 166 patients were found on no opioid analgesic treatment. In agreement with these data is the PMI which was positive only for 9 patients, while 44 patients had PMI = 0 and all the others had negative PMI scores. Reliability and Validity of the G-BPI: Coefficient alphas were 0.849 for the interference items and 0.887 for the severity items. Additionally, the factor analysis of the G-BPI items results in a two-factor solution, that satisfies the criteria of reproducibility, interpretability and confirmatory setting. CONCLUSION: This study shows the efficacy of the G-BPI for the assessment of pain severity as well as the pain management in Greece, and therefore its utility in improving the analgesic treatment outcome in Greek patients.