Management of Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries at British Columbia Children's Hospital.

A multidisciplinary team at BC Children's Hospital provides brachial plexus birth injury management for our provincial catchment area. Although compared with many centers we service a relatively small clinic population, we have the benefit of universal health care, province-wide reach, and accessible research infrastructure. In 2008, we created the Sup-ER protocol, which includes an orthosis that passively positions the neonatal shoulder into more idealized glenohumeral contact during early growth. We have since shown that our Sup-ER patients have better shoulder outcomes, require less brachial plexus surgery, and need fewer shoulder tendon transfers than those patients treated in our clinic prior to 2008. We have also found that the rate and degree of elbow flexion contractures are reduced compared with results reported in the literature.

How Institution of the Sup-ER Protocol in a Clinic Changed Procedure Patterns in Upper Brachial Plexus (Erb's Type) Birth Injuries.

BACKGROUND: For children with upper brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI; C5, C6, ±C7 roots), most clinics first recommend nonsurgical treatment followed by primary and/or secondary surgical interventions in selected patients. Since 2008, we have used an infant shoulder repositioning protocol (supination-external rotation [Sup-ER]) designed to prevent shoulder internal rotation contracture and its potential effects on the shoulder joint. This study characterizes our clinic's current choice, number, and timing of primary and secondary procedural interventions (including Botox) and compares Sup-ER protocol patients with those of our historical controls. METHODS: The records of all patients with upper BPBI who underwent procedures from 2001 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed and grouped into a historical (2001-2007, n = 20) and recent (2008-2018, n = 23) cohort. Patient demographics, procedure types and timing, and functional outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Since the 2008 institution of the Sup-ER protocol, fewer brachial plexus exploration and grafting (BPEG) surgeries were performed and none in later infancy, where nerve transfers were preferred. There were more and earlier Botox injections. There were fewer tendon transfers, and the preoperative indications were from a higher level of function. CONCLUSIONS: We now see fewer indications for BPEG surgeries overall. After the 3-month-age group, more direct nerve transfers are indicated instead of the BPEG surgery if nerve surgery is required at all. Shoulder tendon transfer rates have decreased. Humeral osteotomies are not seen in our recent group. Glenoid osteotomies within tendon transfers are rare in both groups.

Can the Sup-ER Protocol Decrease the Prevalence and Severity of Elbow Flexion Deformity in Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries?

BACKGROUND: Brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) can often result in functional and cosmetic deficits including, according to a recent scoping review, elbow flexion contractures in up to 48%. A treatment algorithm that includes a custom long-arm orthosis to optimize early glenohumeral joint positioning (Sup-ER protocol) has been shown to improve shoulder range of motion. Although the protocol was not intentionally designed to affect the elbow, this study investigates the prevalence and severity of elbow flexion contractures in children treated with that protocol. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional cohort study examined 16 children aged 4 and older with BPBI severe enough to be treated with the Sup-ER protocol. Passive and active elbow flexion and extension range of motion (ROM) were assessed in both arms. Elbow flexion contractures were defined as > 5o from neutral. RESULTS: Within the cohort of 16 patients (mean age: 7.0 years, range: 4.5-11.6 years), the mean maximal passive elbow extension was -6.2° in the affected arm and + 5.1° (hyperextension) in the unaffected arm. Zero patients had a severe elbow flexion contracture (>30o) and only 6/16 met the lowest threshold definition of elbow flexion contracture (>5o), with a mean onset at 22 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests an unintended decreased prevalence and severity of elbow flexion contractures in children with more severe BPBI treated with the Sup-ER protocol, relative to published values.

Shoulder Rotation Function Following the Sup-ER Protocol in Children with Brachial Plexus Injuries.

Background: Our group previously developed an upper extremity repositioning (Sup-ER) protocol for brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) that may improve supination and external rotation (ER) at 2 years of age. Questions were raised about the potential for the protocol to cause internal rotation (IR) deficits. The goal of this study was to explore the longer-term outcomes of the Sup-ER protocol and investigate IR/ER function. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional cohort study examined 16 children older than 4 years of age with significant enough BPBI to be treated with the Sup-ER protocol. Total shoulder and elbow function were assessed, including passive and active ranges of motion and strength of IR and ER. Results: Range of motion (ROM) for most active movements was decreased in the affected compared to unaffected arm. Notably, IR passive ROM was similar in the affected (78.7°) and unaffected arm (82.8°). External rotation strength of the affected arm was weaker (42.8 N) compared to the unaffected arm (57.9 N). IR strength had a greater deficit in the affected (43.2 N) arm compared to the unaffected arm (72.2 N), but both ER and IR showed less deficit than described in the literature. Conclusions: Despite differences in ranges of motion between the affected and unaffected arms, ROMs for the affected arm were comparable to the functional limits as reported in the literature. The Sup-ER protocol shows potential to optimize long-term shoulder rotation function in children with BPBI without compromising IR.

Coordination and balance in children with birth-related brachial plexus injury: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: Most children with severe birth-related brachial plexus injury (BRBPI) have some functional impairment, but information on the impact of BRBPI on coordination and balance is limited. The study's purpose was to determine whether children with BRBPI exhibit deficits in body coordination and balance. METHOD: A prospective cohort study involving 39 children with BRBPI aged 5-15 years was conducted. Range of motion, strength, active movement, and balance and coordination motor skills were assessed using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2). A self-report measure of physical disability, the Activities Scale for Kids-Performance Version (ASKp), was also administered. RESULTS: Participants scored a mean of 44.72 on the BOT-2 Body Coordination composite subtest; scores can range from 20 to 80. Eleven participants (28.2%) scored below average on this test. Participants scored a mean of 7.3 on the Balance subtest of the MABC-2; scores can range from 1 to 19. Twenty-six participants (66.7%) scored below average on this test. Of 38 participants, 25 (65.8%) had an ASKp score indicating some level of disability (<95/100); we found a statistically significant difference in balance (p=0.007) between these 25 participants and those without disability (ASKp score 95-100). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of our study population scored in the categories of at risk or significant difficulty for balance on the MABC-2. Balance rehabilitation may be a valuable treatment adjunct for children with BRBPI.

Objet : La plupart des enfants qui ont une grave lésion du plexus brachial reliée à la naissance (LPBRN) ont une déficience fonctionnelle, mais l'information au sujet de l'effet de la LPBRN sur la coordination et l'équilibre est toutefois limitée. L'étude visait à déterminer si les enfants qui ont une LPBRN montrent des déficiences de la coordination et de l'équilibre. Méthode : On a procédé à une étude de cohorte prospective portant sur 39 enfants ayant subi une LPBRN âgés de 5 à 15 ans. On a évalué l'amplitude du mouvement, la force, le mouvement actif, l'équilibre et la coordination de la motricité au moyen du test de Bruininks­Oseretsky de la maîtrise de la motricité (BOT-2) et du test d'évaluation du mouvement chez les enfants (MABC-2). On a aussi administré une mesure autodéclarée de l'incapacité physique, la version de l'échelle des activités pour la performance des enfants (ASKp). Résultats : Les participants ont obtenu une moyenne de 44,72 comme score composite de la coordination du corps BOT-2, qui peut varier de 20 à 80. Onze participants (28,2%) ont obtenu un résultat inférieur à la moyenne. Les participants ont obtenu un résultat moyen de 7,3 au sous-test de l'équilibre du test MABC-2, résultat qui peut varier de 1 à 19; 26 participants (66,7%) ont obtenu un résultat inférieur à la moyenne. Sur 39 participants, 25 (65,8%) ont obtenu un résultat ASKp indiquant une certaine incapacité (<95/100); il y avait une différence statistiquement significative au niveau de l'équilibre (p=0,007) entre ces 25 participants et ceux qui n'avaient pas d'incapacité (résultat ASKp de 95 à 100). Conclusions : La majorité des membres de la population à l'étude ont obtenu un résultat dans les catégories « à risque ¼ ou « à difficultés importantes ¼ au niveau de l'équilibre indiqué par le test MABC-2. Le rétablissement de l'équilibre peut constituer un traitement d'appoint valable pour les enfants qui ont une LPBRN.

Sup-ER orthosis: an innovative treatment for infants with birth related brachial plexus injury.

Impairments in active and passive range of upper extremity supination and shoulder external rotation are common sequelae for children with delayed recovery from birth related brachial plexus injury. Orthotic intervention may complement traditional treatment strategies commonly employed in the newborn period. These authors describe their custom fabricated orthosis designed to balance shoulder growth and muscular function, and improve prognosis of long term functional outcomes for children with birth related brachial plexus injury. - Victoria Priganc, PhD, OTR, CHT, CLT, Practice Forum Editor.

An early shoulder repositioning program in birth-related brachial plexus injury: a pilot study of the Sup-ER protocol.

BACKGROUND: Birth-related brachial plexus injury (BRBPI) occurs in 1.2/1,000 births in British Columbia. Even in children with "good" recovery, external rotation (ER) and supination (Sup) are often weaker, and permanent skeletal imbalance ensues. A preventive early infant shoulder passive repositioning program was created using primarily a novel custom splint holding the affected arm in full ER and Sup: the Sup-ER splint. The details of the splint and the shoulder repositioning program evolved with experience over several years. This study reviews the first 4 years. METHODS: A retrospective review of BCCH patients managed with the Sup-ER protocol from 2008 to 2011 compared their recovery scores to matched historical controls selected from our database by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: The protocol was initiated in 18 children during the study period. Six were excluded due to the following: insufficient data points, non-compliance, late splint initiation, and loss to follow-up. Of the 12 matches, the Sup-ER group final score at 2 years was better than controls by 1.18 active movement scale (AMS) points (p = 0.036) in Sup and 0.96 AMS points in ER (but not statistically significant (p = 0.13)). Unexpectedly, but importantly, during the study period, zero subjects were assessed to have the active functional criteria to indicate brachial plexus reconstruction, where previously we operated on 13 %. CONCLUSIONS: Early application of passive shoulder repositioning into Sup and ER may improve outcomes in function of the arm in infants with BRBPI. A North American multi-site randomized control trial has been approved and has started recruitment.