Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-silver nanoparticles membranes as advanced antibiofilm strategies for combatting peri-implantitis.

Dental implant success is threatened by peri-implantitis, an inflammation leading to implant failure. Conventional treatments struggle with the intricate microbial and host factors involved. Antibacterial membranes, acting as barriers and delivering antimicrobials, may offer a promising solution. Thus, this study highlights the potential of developing antibacterial membranes of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps) to address peri-implantitis challenges, discussing design and efficacy against potential pathogens. Electrospun membranes composed of PHB microfibers and Ag Nps were synthesized in a blend of DMF/chloroform at three different concentrations. Various studies were conducted on the characterization and antimicrobial activity of the membranes. The synthesized Ag Nps ranged from 4 to 8 nm in size. Furthermore, Young's modulus decreased, reducing from 13.308 MPa in PHB membranes without Ag Nps to 0.983 MPa in PHB membranes containing higher concentrations of Ag Nps. This demonstrates that adding Ag Nps results in a less stiff membrane. An increase in elongation at break was noted with the rise in Ag Nps concentration, from 23.597 % in PHB membranes to 60.136 % in PHB membranes loaded with Ag Nps. The antibiotic and antibiofilm activity of the membranes were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The results indicated that all PHB membranes containing Ag Nps exhibited potent antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of biofilms and planktonic bacteria. However, inhibition of C. albicans occurred only with the PHB-Ag Nps C membrane. These findings emphasize the versatility and potential of Ag Nps-incorporated membranes as a multifunctional approach for preventing and addressing microbial infections associated with peri-implantitis. The combination of antibacterial and antibiofilm properties in these membranes holds promise for improving the management and treatment of peri-implantitis-related complications.

Managing venous thrombosis in a pediatric patient with short bowel and congenital nephrotic syndromes: a case report emphasizing rivaroxaban level monitoring.

Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) typically exhibit a predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response at a fixed dose, not necessitating monitoring under standard conditions. Yet, in specific clinical scenarios that can impair it, like Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome (CNS) or Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) due to absorption issues, anti-thrombin III (AT-III) deficiency and non-selective proteinuria, adjusting the dosage to achieve appropriate plasma concentrations could prove beneficial. We report a 3-month-old female with catheter-related jugular thrombosis affected by CNS concomitant to SBS and failure of both treatments with heparin and warfarin, that was switched to dose-adjusted pediatric rivaroxaban. Rivaroxaban was adjusted to reach peak levels between 189 and 419 ng/ml and the lower trough levels between 6 and 87 ng/ml. Increasing doses were needed due to SBS related malabsorption but a complete permeabilization of the vein was achieved without bleeding complications. The use of anti-Xa adjusted rivaroxaban could be an alternative to improve anticoagulation and secondary thromboprophylaxis in pediatric patients SBS and an option to children with CNS.

Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of Peri-Implant Bone Defects Exposed to a Peri-Implantitis Microcosm, with and without Bone Substitute, in a Rabbit Model: A Pilot Study.

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant connective tissue and a progressive loss of supporting bone; it is commonly associated with the presence of biofilms on the surface of the implant, which is an important factor in the development and progression of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate, using micro-CT, the bone regeneration of surgically created peri-implant defects exposed to a microcosm of peri-implantitis. Twenty-three adult New Zealand white rabbits were included in the study. Bone defects of 7 mm diameter were created in both tibiae, and a cap-shaped titanium device was placed in the center, counter-implanted with a peri-implantitis microcosm. The bone defects received a bone substitute and/or a resorbable synthetic PLGA membrane, according to random distribution. Euthanasia was performed 15 and 30 days postoperatively. Micro-CT was performed on all samples to quantify bone regeneration parameters. Bone regeneration of critical defects occurred in all experimental groups, with a significantly greater increase in cases that received bone graft treatment (p < 0.0001), in all measured parameters, at 15 and 30 days. No significant differences were observed in the different bone neoformation parameters between the groups that did not receive bone grafts (p > 0.05). In this experimental model, the presence of peri-implantitis microcosms was not a determining factor in the bone volume parameter, both in the groups that received regenerative treatment and in those that did not.

Endoscopic treatment of an esophageal perforation in eosinophilic esophagitis by insertion of a self-expanding metal stent.

We present the case of a 29-year-old patient with multiple allergies, mild asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis who reported a history of esophageal impactions after ingestion of solid foods. These episodes resolved spontaneously at home and by self-induced vomiting and never required endoscopic removal. The patient presented to the emergency department due to a sensation of food impaction lasting more than 12 hours after eating meat the night before, which did not subside with the intake of liquids or self-induced vomiting. Endoscopic evaluation was requested for foreign body extraction. A meat bolus impacted in the distal esophagus was easily removed using a Roth basket, revealing a severe esophageal stricture that prevented passage of the endoscope into the gastric cavity. Furthermore, in the same area where the foreign body was previously located, a deep esophageal tear was seen. Given the high suspicion of perforation, the patient was examined, and thoracic and cervical crepitation was observed. It was decided to immediately insert, with only endoscopic control, a partially covered Ultraflex® esophageal stent measuring 18 mm in diameter and 15 cm in length. After insertion, clinical improvement and cessation of crepitation were observed.

Comparing Video Analysis to Computerized Detection of Limb Position for the Diagnosis of Movement Control during Back Squat Exercise with Overload.

Incorrect limb position while lifting heavy weights might compromise athlete success during weightlifting performance, similar to the way that it increases the risk of muscle injuries during resistance exercises, regardless of the individual's level of experience. However, practitioners might not have the necessary background knowledge for self-supervision of limb position and adjustment of the lifting position when improper movement occurs. Therefore, the computerized analysis of movement patterns might assist people in detecting changes in limb position during exercises with different loads or enhance the analysis of an observer with expertise in weightlifting exercises. In this study, hidden Markov models (HMMs) were employed to automate the detection of joint position and barbell trajectory during back squat exercises. Ten volunteers performed three lift movements each with a 0, 50, and 75% load based on body weight. A smartphone was used to record the movements in the sagittal plane, providing information for the analysis of variance and identifying significant position changes by video analysis (p < 0.05). Data from individuals performing the same movements with no added weight load were used to train the HMMs to identify changes in the pattern. A comparison of HMMs and human experts revealed between 40% and 90% agreement, indicating the reliability of HMMs for identifying changes in the control of movements with added weight load. In addition, the results highlighted that HMMs can detect changes imperceptible to the human visual analysis.

Translation and validation into Spanish of the oral health self-efficacy scale in Chilean older adults.

BACKGROUND: Population ageing poses a challenge to improving the well-being of older adults, particularly in terms of oral health. Promoting self-efficacy in oral health behaviours is crucial for maintaining this population's health and quality of life. The Oral Health Self-Efficacy Scale (OHSES) has been widely used to assess dental self-efficacy and is considered comprehensive and reliable. However, there is a need to validate OHSES for Spanish-speaking older adults. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the translated questionnaire for use in the older Chilean population. METHODS: A sample of 188 older adults, aged 60 years and above residing independently in the community, were recruited by accessing databases from the National Senior Citizen Service and various community organisations within the region of La Araucanía. The participants underwent comprehensive oral examinations and oral health interviews, focusing on variables such as OHSES, Oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-14Sp), assessment of remaining teeth, knowledge and attitudes toward oral health, and sociodemographic characteristics. The validity of the translated questionnaire was assessed through translation and cross-cultural adaptation, cognitive debriefing, and face and content validation. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated through measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), content validity (Content validity index), construct validity (factor analysis and Pearson correlation analysis), and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation). RESULTS: The Spanish version of OHSES demonstrated adequate face and content validity. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a two-factor scale with 7 items for a better fit. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.821) and acceptable test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.411). Correlations were found between the OHSES score, the number of remaining teeth, knowledge and attitudes towards oral health, and the OHIP-14Sp (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the validity of the Spanish version of the Oral Health Self-Efficacy Scale for older adults in Chile. The scale is expected to be helpful in assessing self-efficacy in dental interventions and collecting data for international comparisons. This research opens new dimensions in patient-reported assessment of oral health.

Análisis de la composición corporal de los jugadores de la selección española de fútbol para ciegos / Analysis of the body composition of the players of the Spanish blind soccer team

La Composición Corporal (CC) de los deportistas varía en función de la modalidad deportiva practicada. Además, es un factor determinante en el rendimiento deportivo, y puede influir en la prevención de lesiones. En fútbol practicado por personas sin discapacidad, varios estudios analizan las diferencias en la CC de los jugadores en función de la posición de juego y nivelcompetitivo. Por el contrario, son escasos los estudios que analizan la CC en modalidades deportivas para personas con discapacidad, en concreto en jugadores profesionales de Fútbol para Ciegos (FpC). El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la CC en función de la Lateralidad y de la Posición de juego de los jugadores de la Selección Española de FpC. El estudio presenta un diseño cuantitativo descriptivo y transversal, de carácter ecológico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 12 jugadores (Edad: 28.76 ± 8.89 años, Peso: 73.89 ± 10.79 kg, y, Altura: 176.82 ± 9.07 cm), pertenecientes a la Selección Española de FpC durante una concentración previa a los Juegos Paralímpicos de Tokio 2020. Para ello, se utilizó un monitor de CC modelo BC-601 (TANITA, Tokio, Japón). Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas en ninguno de los análisis realizados en función la Lateralidad y de la Posición de juego. Sin embargo, la CC es uno de los factores determinantes del rendimiento deportivo y establecer rangos de CC en deportistas profesionales de FpC va a permitir establecer patrones para la seleccionar jugadores. Por otro lado, ante la escasez de investigaciones encontradas, se recomienda llevar a cabo estudios que analicen la CC de los jugadores y su influencia en los procesos y etapas de entrenamiento con la finalidad de determinar la influencia de la CC en el rendimiento deportivo. (AU)

Analysis of the External and Internal Load in Professional Basketball Players.

The quantification of the external load and internal load of professional players is of vital importance since it provides a great deal of information on the state of the physical condition of athletes during competition and training. The aim of the present study was to quantify the external load and internal load of the players of a first level team of the Spanish basketball league for two weeks corresponding to the pre-season 2022/2023. Seventeen load variables were analyzed and organized into kinematics external load, neuromuscular external load, and internal load. All variables were normalized to the same time unit (minute). For this purpose, all training sessions were monitored using inertial devices. The results show significant differences in the external load and internal load variables depending on the task performed and the specific position. Each type of task provokes different responses in the players, with Full Game situations producing the highest values in the kinematic external load variables (p < 0.05). The selection of each type of task must be adjusted to the physical and technical-tactical objective to be developed. Despite the general work carried out in the pre-season, the centers are the players who bear the greatest internal load in this period. For this reason, it is necessary to individualize the training processes from the pre-season.

Research Trends in the Effect of Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis.

In the last few decades, numerous studies pertaining to research groups worldwide have investigated the effects of oral caffeine intake on fat oxidation at rest, during exercise, and after exercise. However, there is no bibliometric analysis to assess the large volume of scientific output associated with this topic. A bibliometric analysis of this topic may be used by researchers to assess the current scientific interest in the application of caffeine as a nutritional strategy to augment fat oxidation, the journals with more interest in this type of publication, and to draw international collaborations between groups working in the same area. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to assess the research activity regarding oral caffeine intake and fat oxidation rate in the last few decades by conducting a bibliometric and visual analysis. Relevant publications from 1992 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Quantitative and qualitative variables were collected, including the number of publications and citations, H-indexes, journals of citation reports, co-authorship, co-citation, and the co-occurrence of keywords. There were 182 total publications, while the number of annual publications is saw-shaped with a modest increase of 11.3% from 2000 to 2009 to 2010 to 2019. The United States was the country with the highest number of publications (24.17% of the total number of articles), followed by the Netherlands (17.03%). According to citation analyses, the average number of citations per document is 130, although there are 21 documents that have received more than 100 citations; the most cited document reached 644 citations. These citation data support the overall relevance of this topic in the fields of nutrition and dietetics and sport sciences that when combined harbored 85.71% of all articles published in the WoS. The most productive author was Westerterp-Plantenga with 16 articles (8.79% of the total number of articles). Nutrients was the journal that published the largest number of articles on this topic (6.59% of the total number of articles). Last, there is a tendency to include keywords such as "performance", "carbohydrate", and "ergogenic aid" in the newer articles, while "obesity", "thermogenic", and "tea" are the keywords more commonly included in older documents. Although research into the role of caffeine on fat oxidation has existed since the 1970s, our analysis suggests that the scientific output associated with this topic has progressively increased since 1992, demonstrating that this is a nutritional research area with a strong foundational base of scientific evidence. Based on the findings of this bibliometric analysis, future investigation may consider focusing on the effects of sex and tolerance to caffeine to widen the assessment of the effectiveness of oral caffeine intake as a nutritional strategy to augment the use of fat as a fuel, as these terms rarely appear in the studies included in this analysis. Additionally, more translational research is necessary as the studies that investigate the effect of oral caffeine intake in ecologically valid contexts (i.e., exercise training programs for individuals with excessive adiposity) are only a minor part of the studies on this topic.

Body Composition Relationship to Performance, Cardiorespiratory Profile, and Tether Force in Youth Trained Swimmers.

This study sought to analyze the relationship between regional body composition, swimming performance, and aerobic and force profile determined through tethered swimming in well-trained swimmers. Eleven male and five female swimmers were involved in the study and underwent the following evaluations: (1) body composition, assessed by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method (DXA); (2) swimming performance, determined for 200, 400, 800, and 1.500 m front-crawl swimming; (3) a tethered swimming force test to determine maximum and mean force (Fmax and Fmean); and (4) an incremental tethered swimming test for the aerobic profile determination of the swimmers. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was directly measured by an automatic and portable system (K4b2 Cosmed, Italy). The fat-free mass (lean mass + bone mineral content, LM+BMC) in lower and upper limbs (UL_LM+BMC: 6.74 ± 1.57 kg and LL_LM+BMC: 20.15 ± 3.84 kg) positively correlated with all indexes of aerobic conditioning level, showing higher coefficients to the indexes representing the ability to perform at high aerobic intensities (VO2max: 49.2 ± 5.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and respiratory compensation point (RCP): 43.8 ± 6.0 mL·kg-1·min-1), which attained 0.82 and 0.81 (with VO2max), 0.81 and 0.80 (with RCP). The S200 (1.48 ± 0.13 m·s-1) was significantly correlated to Trunk_LM+BMC (r = 0.74), UL_LM+BMC (r = 0.72), Total_LM+BMC (r = 0.71), and LL_LM+BMC (r = 0.64). This study highlights that regional body composition plays an important role in swimming, and body segment analysis should be considered instead of the total body. Tethered swimming may represent a useful method for force and aerobic assessment, aiming at training control and performance enhancement.

Analysis of individual performance indicators of football goalkeeper

One of the most widely used strategies for performance analysis in different sports is notational analysis through direct observation of technical-tactical actions, which allows to understand the main indicators of sporting performance of the players, both individually and collectively. Football goalkeepers (GKs) are involved in the game differently when compared to the rest of the players in the team and, therefore, they develop different high-level and high-intensity tactical-technical actions. Therefore, the present work aimed to analyse the different performance indicators of football GKs through a search in the following databases: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier), PubMed (NIH) and, SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), until February 2023. The following keywords were used: "Football" or "Soccer", "Goalkeeper" and "Performance analysis". The results show that the main performance indicators are the percentage of avoided goals, the distribution of the ball at the goal kick as well as the number of offensive and defensive actions. Therefore, training sessions should be planned and implemented aimming to improve these skills. (AU)

Una de las estrategias más utilizadas para analizar el rendimiento en diferentes modalidades deportivas, es el análisis notacional a través de la observación directa de las acciones técnico-tácticas, lo que permite conocer los principales indicadores de rendimiento deportivo de los jugadores, tanto individual como colectivamente. Los porteros de fútbol tienen una involucración en el juego diferente comparativamente al resto de los jugadores del equipo, y, por ende, desarrollan diferentes acciones táctico-técnicas de alto nivel y de alta intensidad. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fui a analizar los diferentes indicadores de rendimiento de los porteros de fútbol mediante una búsqueda en las bases de datos: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier), PubMed (NIH) y SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), hasta febrero del 2023. Para ello, se emplearon las siguientes palabras claves, “Football” o “Soccer”, “Goalkeeper” y “Performance analysis”. Los resultados muestran como los principales indicadores de rendimiento son el porcentaje de goles evitados, la distribución del balón en el saque de portería, así como el número de acciones ofensivas y defensivas. Por tanto, se deben planificar e implementar sesiones de entrenamiento para la mejora de dichas habilidades. (AU)

Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The current study analysed whether the osteogenic stimuli of exercises and sports have an independent effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Studies with a design having two different cohorts were searched and selected to distinguish the effect due to long-term involvement (i.e., athletes vs. non-active young with good bone health) and due to the planning of intervention (i.e., pre- vs. post-training) with exercises and sports. Moreover, only studies investigating the bone sites with a body-weight support function (i.e., lower limb, hip, and spine regions) were reviewed, since the osteogenic effects have incongruous results. A meta-analysis was performed following the recommendations of PRISMA. Heterogeneity (I2) was determined by combining Cochran's Q test with the Higgins test, with a significance level of α = 0.05. The studies reporting the effect of involvement in exercise and sports showed high heterogeneity for the lower limb, total hip, and spine (I2 = 90.200%, 93.334%, and 95.168%, respectively, with p < 0.01) and the effect size on sports modalities (Hedge's g = 1.529, 1.652, and 0.417, respectively, with p < 0.05) ranging from moderate to high. In turn, the studies reporting the effect of the intervention planning showed that there was no heterogeneity for the lower limb (I2 = 0.000%, p = 0.999) and spine (I2 = 77.863%, p = 0.000); however, for the hip, it was moderate (I2 = 49.432%, p = 0.054), with a low effect between the pre- and post-training moments presented only for the hip and spine (Hedge's g = 0.313 and 0.353, respectively, with p < 0.05). The current analysis supported the effect of involvement in exercise and sports by evidencing the effect of either weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing movements on BMD at the femoral, pelvic, and lumbar bones sites of the athletes when comparing to non-athletes or non-active peers with healthy bones. Moreover, the effect of different exercise and sports interventions highlighted the alterations in the BMD in the spine bone sites, mainly with long-term protocols (~12 months) planned with a stimulus with high muscle tension. Therefore, exercise and sport (mainly systematic long-term practice) have the potential to increase the BMD of bones with body-weight support beyond the healthy values reached during life phases of youth and adulthood.

Osteoinductive Electrospun Scaffold Based on PCL-Col as a Regenerative Therapy for Peri-Implantitis.

Peri-implantitis is a serious condition affecting dental implants that can lead to implant failure and loss of osteointegration if is not diagnosed and treated promptly. Therefore, the development of new materials and approaches to treat this condition is of great interest. In this study, we aimed to develop an electrospun scaffold composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers loaded with cholecalciferol (Col), which has been shown to promote bone tissue regeneration. The physical and chemical properties of the scaffold were characterized, and its ability to support the attachment and proliferation of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells was evaluated. Our results showed that the electrospun PCL-Col scaffold had a highly porous structure and good mechanical properties. The resulting scaffolds had an average fiber diameter of 2-9 µm and high elongation at break (near six-fold under dry conditions) and elasticity (Young modulus between 0.9 and 9 MPa under dry conditions). Furthermore, the Col-loaded scaffold was found to decrease cell proliferation when the Col content in the scaffolds increased. However, cytotoxicity analysis proved that the PCL scaffold on its own releases more lactate dehydrogenase into the medium than the scaffold containing Col at lower concentrations (PCL-Col A, PCL-Col B, and PCL-Col C). Additionally, the Col-loaded scaffold was shown to effectively promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase and additionally increase the calcium fixation in MG-63 cells. Our findings suggest that the electrospun membrane loaded with Col can potentially treat peri-implantitis by promoting bone formation. However, further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of this membrane in vivo.

Documents Publication Evolution (1990-2022) Related to Physical Activity and Healthy Habits, a Bibliometric Review.

This research aims to provide an overview of the growing number of scientific literature publications related to Physical Activity and Healthy Habits. A bibliometric analysis between 1990 and 2022 in the Web of Science was carried out, following the bibliometric analysis law, using Microsoft Excel and VosViewer Software for analysis and data processing. A total of 276 documents (262 primary studies and 14 revisions) related to the topic under study were located. The results reveal an exponential growth of scientific production by 48% between 2006 and 2022. Public Environmental Occupational Health, Kaprio, J., and the USA were the knowledge field, author, and country most productive, respectively. A great thematic diversity was found related to the most used keywords by the authors, such as "physical activity", "health habits", "exercise", and "obesity". Thus, the research related to this theme is really in an exponential phase, with great interest in the importance of physical activity and healthy habits, implying practical decisions in policies to develop programs to promote physical activity and healthy habits.

Tooth Loss and Caries Experience of Elderly Chileans in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Five Regions of Chile.

Risk factors associated with tooth loss have been studied; however, the current status of the epidemiological profiles and the impact of the pandemic on the oral health of the elderly is still unknown. This study aims to determine the experience of caries and tooth loss among elderly Chilean citizens in five regions and to identify the risk factors associated with tooth loss. The sample includes 135 participants over 60 years old assessed during COVID-19 lockdown. Sociodemographic variables such as education and RSH (Social Registry of Households) were obtained through a teledentistry platform called TEGO. The history of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, depression and dental caries reported by DMFT index scores were incorporated. The statistical analysis included Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) to assess risk factors associated with the lack of functional dentition. Multivariate hypothesis testing was used to compare the mean equality of DMFT and its components between regions (p-value < 0.05). Individuals with RSH ≤ 40% were at higher risk of having no functional dentition with OR 4.56 (95% CI: 1.71, 12.17). The only mean difference between regions was the filled tooth component. Tooth loss was associated with multidimensional lower income, where the elderly belonging to the 40% most vulnerable population had a higher prevalence of non-functional dentition. This study highlights the importance of implementing a National Oral Health Policy that focuses on oral health promotion and minimally invasive dentistry for the most vulnerable population.

Revisión sistemática de programas de intervención para promover hábitos saludables de actividad física y nutrición en escolares españoles / Systematic review of intervention programmes to promote healthy physical activity and nutrition habits in Spanish school children

Introducción. La obesidad infantil es uno de los problemas de salud pública más graves del siglo XXI, originado porque los niños crecen en un entorno en el que no se fomenta la práctica deportiva. Esto es debido al cambio en el tipo de alimentación y al aumento del sedentarismo. Objetivo. Describir y analizar los principales programas de intervención, basados en la promoción de hábitos saludables (Nutrición y Actividad Física) en la población infantil y las principales estrategias utilizadas para su implantación en los centros educativos españoles. Materiales y métodos. Se ha realizado un estudio transversal descriptivo mediante el empleo de una revisión sistemática de la literatura realizada en el mes de octubre de 2022. La población de estudio fue el alumnado de entre 6 y 12 años escolarizados en centros de Educación Primaria de España. Resultados. Se ha identificado que las intervenciones educativas sobre nutrición y/o actividad física realizadas en los centros educativos, resultan positivas en la mejora de los hábitos de alimentación y la práctica físico-deportiva entre los escolares. Discusión. Además, combinando las temáticas de nutrición y actividad física, se fomenta la consecución de hábitos saludables, con el objetivo de prevenir la obesidad y el sedentarismo. A su vez, fomentando la participación de las familias en los programas de intervención se obtiene un resultado positivo en la efectividad de las intervenciones. Conclusiones. La mayor parte de los programas de intervención analizados demuestran su eficacia a la hora de modificar los hábitos alimentarios, además, se produce un aumento del nivel de actividad física, evitando el sedentarismo entre los escolares, y, por ende, disminuir el riesgo de obesidad(AU)

Introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century, because children are growing up in an environment where sport is not encouraged. This is due to changes in dietary patterns and an increase in sedentary lifestyles. Objective. Describe and analyze the main intervention programs, based on the promotion of healthy habits (Nutrition and Physical Activity) in the child population and the main strategies used for their implementation in Spanish schools. Material and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study based on a systematic review of the literature carried out in October 2022. The study population was pupils aged between 6 and 12 years old attending primary schools in Spain. Results. It has been identified that educational interventions on nutrition and/or physical activity carried out in schools are positive in improving eating habits and physical activity among schoolchildren. Discussion. In addition, by combining the topics of nutrition and physical activity, healthy habits are encouraged, with the aim of preventing obesity and sedentary lifestyles. In turn, by encouraging the participation of families in the intervention programmes, a positive result is obtained in the effectiveness of the interventions. Conclusions. Most of the intervention programmes analysed demonstrate their effectiveness in modifying eating habits, as well as increasing the level of physical activity, avoiding sedentary lifestyles among schoolchildren and, therefore, reducing the risk of obesity(AU)

Biomarker Expression of Peri-Implantitis Lesions before and after Treatment: A Systematic Review.

The need to predict, diagnose and treat peri-implant diseases has never been greater. We present a systematic review of the literature on the changes in the expression of biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) before and after treatment of peri-implantitis. Bacterial composition, clinical and radiographic parameters, and systemic biomarkers before and after treatment are reported as secondary outcomes. A total of 17 studies were included. Treatment groups were non-surgical treatment or surgical treatment, either alone or with adjunctive therapy. Our findings show that non-surgical treatment alone does not influence biomarker levels or clinical outcomes. Both adjunctive photodynamic therapy and local minocycline application resulted in a reduction of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-10 twelve months after treatment. Non-surgical treatments with adjunctive use of lasers or antimicrobials were more effective at improving the clinical outcomes in the short-term only. Access flap debridement led to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α reduction twelve months post-surgery. Surgical debridement with adjunctive antimicrobials achieved a decrease in MMP-8 at three months. Adjunctive use of Emdogain™ (EMD) was associated with a reduction in 40 PICF proteins compared to access flap surgery alone. Surgical interventions were more effective at reducing probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing both in the short- and long-term. Surgical treatment in combination with EMD was found to be more effective in resolving inflammation up to twelve months.

Oral Microcosm Biofilms Grown under Conditions Progressing from Peri-Implant Health, Peri-Implant Mucositis, and Peri-Implantitis.

Peri-implantitis is a disease influenced by dysbiotic microbial communities that play a role in the short- and long-term outcomes of its clinical treatment. The ecological triggers that establish the progression from peri-implant mucositis to peri-implantitis remain unknown. This investigation describes the development of a novel in vitro microcosm biofilm model. Biofilms were grown over 30 days over machined titanium discs in a constant depth film fermentor (CDFF), which was inoculated (I) with pooled human saliva. Following longitudinal biofilm sampling across peri-implant health (PH), peri-implant mucositis (PM), and peri-implantitis (PI) conditions, the characterisation of the biofilms was performed. The biofilm analyses included imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selective and non-selective culture media of viable biofilms, and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Bacterial qualitative shifts were observed by CLSM and SEM across conditions, which were defined by characteristic phenotypes. A total of 9 phyla, 83 genera, and 156 species were identified throughout the experiment. The phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria showed the highest prevalence in PI conditions. This novel in vitro microcosm model provides a high-throughput alternative for growing microcosm biofilms resembling an in vitro progression from PH-PM-PI conditions.

Molecular Biomarkers in Peri-Implant Health and Disease: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this feasibility study was to investigate the concentration level of CCL-20/MIP-3α, BAFF/BLyS, IL-23, RANKL, and Osteoprotegerin in the Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid (PICF), from patients diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, and to compare them with PICF from patients with healthy implants. METHODS: Participants with at least one dental implant with healthy peri-implant tissues, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis were included. PICF was collected using paper strips from healthy and diseased peri-implant sites (n = 19). Biomarker levels were analyzed using a custom Multiplex ELISA Assay Kit. RESULTS: In comparison to peri-implant health, the peri-implant mucositis group showed an increased concentration of CCL-20 MIP-3α, BAFF/BLyS, IL-23, RANKL, and Osteoprotegerin. The peri-implantitis group had the lowest median concentration of Osteoprotegerin (1963 ng/mL); this group had a similar concentration of RANKL (640.84 ng/mL) when compared to the peri-implant health group. BAFF/BLyS (17.06 ng/mL) showed the highest concentration in the peri-implantitis group. CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility study suggests that IL-23 and RANKL may help to elucidate the pathogenesis during the conversion from peri-implant health to peri-implantitis. Further research is required in BAFF/BLyS for the early diagnosis of peri-implantitis.

The Effect of Microcosm Biofilm Decontamination on Surface Topography, Chemistry, and Biocompatibility Dynamics of Implant Titanium Surfaces.

Since the inception of dental implants, a steadily increasing prevalence of peri-implantitis has been documented. Irrespective of the treatment protocol applied for the management of peri-implantitis, this biofilm-associated pathology, continues to be a clinical challenge yielding unpredictable and variable levels of resolution, and in some cases resulting in implant loss. This paper investigated the effect of microcosm biofilm in vitro decontamination on surface topography, wettability, chemistry, and biocompatibility, following decontamination protocols applied to previously infected implant titanium (Ti) surfaces, both micro-rough -Sandblasted, Large-grit, Acid-etched (SLA)-and smooth surfaces -Machined (M). Microcosm biofilms were grown on SLA and M Ti discs. These were treated with TiBrushes (TiB), combination of TiB and photodynamic therapy (PDT), combination of TiB and 0.2%CHX/1%NaClO, plus or minus Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation. Surface topography was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Laser Surface Profilometry. Surface function was analysed through wettability analysis. Surface chemistry evaluation of the discs was performed under SEM/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Biocompatibility was tested with the cytocompatibility assay using human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) cells. Elemental analysis of the discs disclosed chemical surface alterations resulting from the different treatment modalities. Titanium, carbon, oxygen, sodium, aluminium, silver, were identified by EDX as the main components of all the discs. Based on the data drawn from this study, we have shown that following the decontamination of Ti surfaces the biomaterial surface chemistry and topography was altered. The type of treatment and Ti surface had a significant effect on cytocompatibility (p = 0.0001). Although, no treatment modality hindered the titanium surface biocompatibility, parameters such as the use of chemical agents and micro-rough surfaces had a higher cytotoxic effect in MG-63 cells. The use of smooth surfaces, and photofunctionalisation of the TiO2 layer had a beneficial effect on cytocompatibility following decontamination.