Mutanase from Trichoderma harzianum inductively Produced by Mutan: Short-Term Treatment to Degrade Mature Streptococcus mutans Biofilm.

This study aimed to evaluate the disruptive effect of fungal mutanase against cariogenic biofilm after short-term treatment. For that, mature Streptococcus mutans biofilms (n = 9) were exposed to active or inactivated enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum for 1 min, two times per day. Biofilms were analyzed by amount of matrix water-insoluble polysaccharides, bacterial viability, acidogenicity, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The group treated with active enzymes (AE) had a significantly lower amount of insoluble polysaccharides (893.30 ± 293.69) when compared to the negative control group (NaCl, 2192.59 ± 361.96), yet no significant difference was found when comparing to the positive control group (CHX, 436.82 ± 151.07). Also, there was no significant effect on bacteria metabolism and viability (P-value < 0.05). Data generated by the quantitative analysis were confirmed through scanning electron microscopy images. Thus, fungal mutanase degraded the biofilm after a short-term treatment without interfering with bacterial viability and metabolism. Such findings offer insight to the development of routine oral care products containing this input.

Abordagem integrativa na prática de bioquímica: do laboratório à clínica / Integrative approach in biochemistry practice from laboratory to clinic

Objetivou-se relatar a experiência de discentes e docentes diante da aplicação de ferramentas de metodologia ativa para a integração dos temas de Bioquímica com os das disciplinas do eixo clínico-profissional. Inicialmente, as subturmas da aula prática foram divididas em equipes de trabalho. Os alunos receberam um protocolo contendo objetivos, princípios gerais e procedimentos na semana anterior à aula prática. Nos dias das aulas de "Preparo de Soluções" e "Capacidade Tamponante", um artigo científico relativo à Odontologia foi entregue para leitura e discussão em grupo. Como atividade prática, as equipes recebiam um desafio relacionado ao artigo e que exigiria aplicação dos objetivos de aula. Esta experiência demonstrou que a metodologia ativa pode funcionar como facilitadora para uma abordagem contextualizada e integrada da Bioquímica, refletindo em maior engajamento e rendimento dos alunos, além de contribuir para um aprendizado significativo (AU).

El objetivo fue relatar la experiencia de estudiantes y profesores en cuanto a la aplicación de herramientas metodológicas activas para la integración de los temas de Bioquímica con los de las disciplinas del eje clínico-profesional. Inicialmente, las subclases de la clase práctica se dividían en equipos de trabajo. Los estudiantes recibieron un protocolo con objetivos, principios generales y procedimientos en la semana anterior a la clase práctica. En los días de las clases de "Preparación de Soluciones" y "Capacidad Amortiguadora", se entregó un artículo científico relacionado con la Odontología para lectura y discusión en grupo. Como actividad práctica, los equipos recibieron un reto relacionado con el artículo y que requería la aplicación de los objetivos de clase. Esta experiencia demostró que la metodología activa puede funcionar como facilitadora de un abordaje contextualizado e integrado de la Bioquímica, reflejándose en un mayor compromiso y desempeño de los estudiantes, además de contribuir al aprendizaje significativo (AU).

The objective was to report the experience of students and professors regarding the application of active methodology tools aimed at integrating Biochemistry themes with those of the disciplines from the clinical-professional axis. Initially, subgroups forthe practical class were divided into work teams. The students received a protocol containing objectives, general principles and procedures the week before the practical class. On the days of the "Preparation of Solutions" and "Buffering Capacity" classes, a scientific article related to Dentistry was delivered for group reading and discussion. As a practical activity, the teams received a challenge related to the article,which would require application of the class objectives. This experience demonstrated that the active methodology can work as a facilitator for a contextualized and integrated approach to Biochemistry, reflecting in greater engagement and student performance, in addition to contributing to meaningful learning (AU).

Mango peel as a potential enzyme inducer in Trichoderma harzianum: a strategy for cariogenic biofilm degradation and reuse of industrial waste

Water-insoluble exopolysaccharides (I-EPS) are a virulence factor for dental biofilms. It has already been demonstrated that mango pulp induces the secretion of glucan-hydrolytic enzymes in the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, and that they have an effect on I-EPS from young biofilms. Aim: Evaluate the effect of mango peel as an enzyme inducer in T. harzianum, and the effect of enzymes secreted on mature biofilms. Methods: Fractions of the peel (PL) and ethanol-precipitated pulp (PP) of Tommy Atkins mangoes were sterilized and added to a culture medium containing T. harzianum for induction of hydrolytic enzymes. After 192 h, the culture medium was centrifuged and the supernatant (enzyme extract) was used as treatment on S. mutans biofilms (n=9): a) NaCl 0.9 %; b) 0.12 % chlorhexidine digluconate; and c) extract of enzymes induced by PL or PP. Acidogenicity, bacterial viability, quantification of insoluble polysaccharides, and three-dimensional analysis of the biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (α=5 %). Results: The hydrolytic enzymes did not alter the metabolism or bacterial viability of the biofilm (p<0.05). Although the images obtained by SEM suggest some degree of matrix degradation, the quantification of I-EPS for the PL and PP groups did not differ from the control group (p>0.05), suggesting a slight effect on the disorganization of the mature S. mutans biofilm. Conclusion: The results suggest that mango peel fraction can induce secretion of mutanase by T. harzianum, however in an insufficient amount to generate significant degradation on cariogenic biofilm.

Effectiveness and Legitimacy of the Motivational Interviewing With Caregivers on the Oral Health of Special Patients

ABSTRACT: Difficulty of caregivers in performing oral hygiene for Patients with Special Needs, usually leads to demotivation and negligence. In order to adhere to healthy habits, an intervention model was created: Motivational Interview (MI). It consists of a collaborative conversation to strengthen motivation and commitment to change. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and legitimacy of MI in a single session on the oral health of children with special needs, unable to perform the ir hygiene. Methods: Exploratory study with paired randomization, double-blind, including caregivers of patients aged 2 to 19 years treated at the Physical and Motor Rehabilitation Center of IMIP/Recife-Brazil. Caregivers were allocated to a test (Motiv ational Interview) or control (Traditional Counseling) group. In t0, they answered questionnaires, and the child's dental chart and Vis ible Plaque Index (VPI) were filled. MI group participated in a 10 min Motivational Interview involving guidance on brushing techniq ues and making mouth openers. TC group attended a lecture addressing the same theme. In t1, questionnaires were reapplied, followed by a new VPI and dental chart, in addition to a satisfaction survey regarding the methodology used. Results: After 30 days, the MI group showed a decrease in VPI when comparing the medians (14.70 vs. 10.71) and an increase in the frequency of daily brushing to 03 x or more (44.4 % vs. 77.8 %), while the TC group remained practically stable (8.75 vs. 10.71 and 28.6), but with no statistically significant difference between groups (p = 5 %). Both legitimized the workshop as a pleasurable activity (100 %) and felt motivated after completion (TC = 85.7 %, MI = 100 %). Conclusion: A single session of MI reduced VPI from disabled children, however, without proving to be more effective than Traditional Counseling.

RESUMEN: La dificultad de los cuidadores para realizar la higiene oral en pacientes con necesidades especiales, generalmente conduce a la desmotivación y negligencia. Con el objetivo de adherirse a los hábitos saludables, se creó un modelo de intervención a partir de una conversación colaborativa: Entrevista Motivacional (EM). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia y la legitimidad de la EM en la salud oral para los PNE infantiles. Estudio exploratorio con aleatorización pareada, doble ciego, que incluye cuidadores de pacientes de 2 a 19 años tratados en el Centro de Rehabilitación Física y Motora del IMIP/Recife- Brasil. Los cuidadores fueron asignados en dos grupos: prueba (Entrevista Motivacional - EM) y control (Consejería Tradicional - CT). En t0, se respondieron los cuestionarios y se realizó el Odontograma y el Índice de Placa Visible (IPV) del niño. Grupo EM participó en una entrevista motivacional de 10 minutos que incluyó orientación sobre las técnicas de cepillado y la apertura de la cavidad oral. Grupo CT asistió a una conferencia sobre el mismo tema. En t1, se volvieron a aplicar los cuestionarios, seguidos de una nueva IPV y un odontograma, además de una encuesta de satisfacción sobre la metodología utilizada. Después de 30 días, el grupo EM mostró una disminución en IPV al comparar las media- nas (14,70 vs. 10,71) y un aumento en la frecuencia diaria de cepillado a 03x o más (44,4 % vs. 77,8 %), mientras que el grupo CT permaneció prácticamente estable (8,75 vs. 8,92 y 28,6), pero sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos (p = 5 %). Ambos legitimaron el taller como una actividad placentera (100 %) y se sintieron motivados después de la finalización (AT = 85,7 %, EM = 100 %). Una sola sesión de EM redujo la IPV de las PNE, sin demostrar que es más efectiva que la asesoría tradicional.

Microbiological Water Evaluation from Biofilm Adhered to Dental Unit Waterlines / Evaluación Microbiológica del Agua de Biofilm Adherido a Líneas de Agua de la Unidad Dental

ABSTRACT: The contamination of the dental units' waterlines is a reality, which can develop individual and collective disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and resistance profile of bacteria on the internal surfaces of waterlines in a dental clinic from a Dentistry school of a Brazilian university. The design was an exploratory, descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative approach. Samples (n=4) were collected for analysis at different points: the portion closest to the water reservoir of the chair, and the portion closest to the triple syringe. After collection the samples were cultured in BHI medium in an oven for 24-48 h at 37 °C. For the quantitative analysis 1 ml of each sample was used for serial dilution up to the dilution value seven. The colonies were counted after pour plate and the results expressed in UFC/cm2. The qualitative analysis was initiated with the cultivation of Agar Blood, EMB-Levine and Cetrimide Agar for 24 h, and the identification of bacteria was performed by microscopic analyses. The resistance profile was verified by classical antibiogram. The internal surfaces of unit waterlines units exhibited a mean of 2.44 x 109 CFU / cm2. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified. The resistance profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicated sensitivity to all tested antibiotics. A large number of microorganisms was quantified from biofilm accumulated in the dental units' waterlines. However, they were not resistant to classic antibiogram. Better management and application of decontamination protocols for waterlines need to be applied since opportunistic infections may be associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

RESUMEN: La contaminación de líneas de agua en las unidades dentarias es una realidad, generando enfermedades individuales y colectivas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia y resistencia de las bacterias en las zonas internas de las líneas de agua de la Facultad de Odontología de una universidad brasileña. El diseño del estudio fue exploratorio, descriptivo con enfoques cuantitativos y cualitativos. Las muestras para análisis (n=4) fueron selecionadas de distintos lugares: el punto más cercano al sistema de agua del sillón odontológico y el punto más cercano a la jeringa tríplice. Las muestras obtenidas fueron cultivadas en un médio BHI por 24-48 h, en un horno a 37 ºC. Para el análisis cuantitativo, se utilizó 1 ml de cada muestra para dilución hasta el valor siete. Las colonias fueran contadas y los resultados fueron expresados en UFC/cm2. El análisis cualitativo fue iniciado con el cultivo de Agar Sangre, EBM-Levine y Agar Cetrimide por 24 h y la identificación de la bacteria fue realizada por análisis microscópicos. El perfil de resistencia fue verificado por el antibiograma clásico. Las zonas internas de las unidades de líneas de agua mostraron un promédio de 2,44 x 109 UFC/cm2. Bacillus subtilis y Pseudomonas aeruginosa fueron encontrados. El perfil de resistencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicó sensibilidad a todos los antibióticos testados. Un gran número de microorganismos fue cuantificado desde la biopelícula acumulada en las líneas de agua de unidades dentales. Sin embargo, no resistieron al antibiograma clásico. Se requiere una mejor gestión y aplicación de protocolos de decontaminación en las líneas de agua debido a que las infecciones oportunistas puedan estar asociadas a Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Dental splints: types and time of immobilization post tooth avulsion.

Avulsion is defined as the complete displacement of the tooth out of its socket with disruption of the fibers of periodontal ligament, remaining some of them adhered to the cementum and the rest to the alveolar bone. This condition is more frequent in young permanent teeth, because the root development is still incomplete. Splints are used to immobilize traumatized teeth that suffered damage in their structures of support, preventing their constant movement. The literature has shown that after replantation, it is necessary to use splints in order to immobilize the teeth during the initial period, which is essential for the repair of periodontal ligament; the use of semi-rigid splint is more indicated than the rigid one, and long periods of splinting showed that substitutive resorption or ankylosis is an expected complication. Thus, the aim of this review is to describe the different types of splints; their time of permanency, and its influence on the process of healing and reparation on the occurrence of substitutive resorption or ankylosis. It is very important to keep gathering knowledge about this content, since it has been proved that the approaches and the protocols keep changing over time.