ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The auto-immune response leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D) is closely associated with the overproduction of T helper-1 (Th1) cytokines which activate macrophage production of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1beta. The principal aim of this study was to elucidate whether IL-1beta is associated with the development of the inflammatory state of disease and the altered circulating lipid levels in T1D. MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixty-nine T1D and 74 age-matched non-diabetic (ND) subjects were recruited from the outpatient department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Tlemcen, Algeria. RESULTS: The levels of IL-1beta, CRP, HbA1c, CHOL, and LDLc, but not of HDLc, were significantly higher in all T1D subjects than in the ND controls. IL-1beta and CRP were found to be associated with T1D (OR>1). Newly diagnosed T1D subjects exhibited significantly higher IL-1beta, but not CRP, concentrations than controls and long-standing diabetic subjects. TG and HbA1c levels were not statistically different in the two diabetic populations. However, CHOL and LDLc concentrations were significantly higher in long-standing patients than in newly diagnosed ones. HDLc fractions were lower in long-standing patients than in controls and newly diagnosed diabetic subjects. Furthermore, the plasmatic concentrations of IL-1beta, but not of CRP, negatively correlated with CHOL, LDLc, or TG levels and positively with those of CRP in T1D patients. CONCLUSIONS: IL-1beta seems to be associated with the type 1 diabetes inflammatory process. Moreover, a reciprocal relationship exists between newly diagnosed and long-standing T1D patients as far as the levels of this cytokine and circulating lipids are concerned.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Interleukin-1beta/blood , Lipids/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism , C-Reactive Protein/chemistry , Child , Cytokines/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Female , Glycated Hemoglobin/biosynthesis , Humans , Inflammation , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Lipids/chemistry , Male , Models, StatisticalABSTRACT
The essential oil composition of an endemic Algerian Cruciferae, Pseudocytisus integrifolius (Salisb.) Rehder, was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Eighty-three components representing more than 96.5% of the oil were identified. The major components were dimethyl disulfide (33.4%), dimethyl trisulfide (24.2%), and an unsaturated nitrile (31.7%). Fractionation on a silica gel column led to the identification of trace-level compounds, in particular, polar compounds such as nitriles and aldehydes, and to the isolation of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and an unsaturated nitrile. Structural analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and 1H,13C NMR techniques enabled the identification of pent-4-enenitrile. Variation in essential oil composition and yields was studied according to harvesting time, drying, and parts of the plant. The essential oil of aerial parts was tested for its antibacterial activity using a paper disk method. The oil was effective on the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ineffective on the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Brassicaceae/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Algeria , Chemical Fractionation , Chromatography, Gas , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Flowers/chemistry , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The main genomic region controlling the predisposition to type 1 diabetes is the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) class II of the major histocompatibility complex. Association with different HLA types depends also on the studied populations. In our investigation, we tried to measure the phenotypic HLA class II association frequencies of DR3 and/or DR4 antigens, using a serologic method called microlymphocytotoxicity analysis, in diabetic and nondiabetic (ND) subjects originating from the west-Algerian region of Tlemcen. The aim of the present study was to determine which HLA DR antigens represent a high susceptibility to develop the disease in this area. Using a case-control retrospective study design, we randomly recruited ninety-one related subjects, 39 type 1 diabetics and 52 ND as controls, at the Internal Medicine Board of Medical Centre University of Tlemcen. RESULTS: DR3 antigen frequencies were comparable between the type 1 diabetics and the ND subjects and showed no association with the disease (p = 1.000, OR = 0.95), whereas DR4 and DR3DR4 antigens were associated with susceptibility to develop type 1 diabetes (DR4; OR = 2.10, DR3DR4; OR = 1.30). Also, no incidence for DR3 (p = 0.2646) or DR3DR4 (p = 0.0699) antigen frequencies was related to the sex ratio. However, significant differences in HLA DR4 frequencies between type 1 diabetics and ND were found to be related to sex (p = 0.0085). CONCLUSION: Taken together, our investigation showed that the strongest association with type 1 diabetes was noticed in the presence of HLA DR4 antigens followed by DR3DR4 antigens. This study highlighted a characteristic of Tlemcen population; a history of consanguineous marriages. Association studies between the disease and genetic polymorphisms should be undertaken in a population where consanguinity is more limited to reduce confounding in result interpretations.
