ABSTRACT
Consumption of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is very widespread in Morocco, where its production is an important economic pillar. We investigated the prevalence of infection by Anisakis spp. in mackerel caught in Moroccan waters, analyzing infection risk factors. The prevalence was generally higher in fish from the Atlantic (67.9%) than from the Mediterranean (57.0%), but they did not differ in the mean abundance, intensity, or prevalence of muscle parasitization. A. pegreffii was the predominant species (82.6% of larvae) followed by the hybrid A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii (16.3%). Only one L3 of A. simplex s.s. was found in a specimen of S. japonicus from the Atlantic. Mackerel infection was associated with total fish weight, gonad weight, catch area, and catch season. However, muscle infection was associated solely with total weight and parasite loads. The consumption of lower-weight mackerel may be a good prophylactic measure against human anisakiasis.
Subject(s)
Anisakiasis/veterinary , Anisakis/growth & development , Fish Diseases/epidemiology , Perciformes/parasitology , Animals , Anisakiasis/epidemiology , Anisakiasis/parasitology , Anisakiasis/transmission , Anisakis/isolation & purification , Anisakis/pathogenicity , Female , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Fish Diseases/transmission , Humans , Male , Morocco , Parasite Load , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Seafood/parasitologyABSTRACT
Two ent-18-acetoxy-6-oxomanoyl oxides, epimers at C-13, have been prepared from ent-6alpha,8alpha,18-trihydroxylabda-13(16),14-diene (andalusol), isolated from Sideritis foetens, by means of several chemical pathways and a regioselective acylation with Candida cylindracea lipase (CCL). Biotransformation of these 13-epimeric ent-manoyl oxides by Fusarium moniliforme and Neurospora crassa produced mainly ent-1beta- or ent-11alpha-hydroxylations, as well as their deacetylated derivatives, in both epimers. In addition, with the 13-epi substrate N. crassa originated other minor hydroxylations by the ent-alpha face at C-1 or at C-12, whereas an ent-11beta-hydroxyl group, probably originated by reduction of an 11-oxo derivative also isolated, was achieved with the 13-normal substrate.
Subject(s)
Carbon/metabolism , Diterpenes/metabolism , Fusarium/metabolism , Neurospora crassa/metabolism , Oxides/metabolism , Biotransformation , Carbon/chemistry , Diterpenes/chemistry , Diterpenes/isolation & purification , Hydroxylation , Sideritis/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Accumulation of two triorganotins, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT), has been studied by exposing the sea bass, Dicentrachus labrax, to different concentrations of both compounds, under controlled laboratory conditions. D. labrax juvenile fish were acclimatized in a laboratory and isolated to four groups. One group was used as control (first group), while the other three were exposed, during 28 days, in tanks with seawater containing simultaneously 2.5 microg/l TBT and 2.5 microg/l (second group), 5 microg/l TBT and 5 microg/l (third group) and 15 microg/l TBT and 15 microg/l (fourth group), respectively. The higher exposure dose caused mortality to all animals after 48 h. In the other two groups, quantitative analysis of TBT and TPhT was carried out, weekly, on the target organs (muscle and liver). Also, the main metabolites of TBT, monobutyltin (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), and TPhT, monophenyltin (MPhT) and diphenyltin (DPhT) were monitored. Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (MS/MS) mode was used for their identification. The results of analysis of TBT and TPhT showed that D. labrax accumulated the compounds from the first week, although the levels depended on medium concentration exposure. Liver was found to accumulate higher concentrations of TBT and TPhT than muscle.
Subject(s)
Bass/metabolism , Organotin Compounds/metabolism , Trialkyltin Compounds/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Animals , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Liver/chemistry , Liver/metabolism , Muscles/chemistry , Muscles/metabolism , Organotin Compounds/analysis , Organotin Compounds/toxicity , Trialkyltin Compounds/analysis , Trialkyltin Compounds/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityABSTRACT
Seven new ent-kauranoid derivatives ent-7alpha,18-dihydroxykaur-16-en-3-one, ent-18-acetoxy-3beta,7alpha-dihydroxykaur-15-en-17-al, ent-3beta-acetoxy-7alpha,18-dihydroxykaur-15-en-17-al, ent-18-acetoxy-3beta,7alpha,17-trihydroxykaur-15-ene, ent-3beta-acetoxy-7alpha,17,18-trihydroxykaur-15-ene, ent-18-acetoxy-3beta,7alpha,17-trihydroxy-15beta,16beta-epoxykaurane and ent-3beta-acetoxy-7alpha,17,18-trihydroxy-15beta,16beta-epoxykaurane have been isolated from Sideritis moorei. The structures of these compounds have been established by spectroscopic means and chemical correlations.
