Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Development: An Integrative Literature Review / Consecuencias en el desarrollo infantil derivadas de la pandemia por covid-19: revisión integrativa de literatura / Consequências no desenvolvimento infantil derivadas da pandemia de COVID-19: revisão integrativa da literatura

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the possibilities of generating stimulating spaces for children's development, as all the systems with which a child interacts during this phase were affected. Objective: To identify the existing scientific evidence about the effects on child development in children aged less than 5 years old that were living with their parents while the social distancing measures adopted due to COVID-19 were in force. Method: An integrative review guided by the framework proposed by Whittemore and Knafl and the PRISMA statement, to consult the following databases: Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus and SciELO, with a search performed in English using these descriptors: "child development," "growth and development," "parenting," "teleworking," "infant care," "home nursing," "social isolation," "coronavirus infections," and "COVID-19." The eligibility criteria were as follows: quantitative or qualitative studies that addressed the direct effects of the pandemic on children aged less than 5 years old; in turn, the exclusion criteria corresponded to articles with a population comprised of children with diagnosed developmental disorders or disabilities. Results: A total of 17 articles were included, whose findings were classified into the following categories: Exposure to risk stimuli, Deprivation of stimuli, and Exposure to protective stimuli. It is revealed that parental stress, absence of games and lower exposure to interactions that promote development are connected to changes in cognitive, emotional, and learning processing, in addition to exerting a negative impact on motor and language development. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that social distancing can be the main cause for the onset of delays in child development, in its motor, language, cognitive, and socioemotional areas.

Introducción: la pandemia por la covid-19 disminuyó las posibilidades de generar espacios estimulantes para el desarrollo de los niños, puesto que todos los sistemas con los que interactúa un niño en desarrollo se vieron impactados. Objetivo: identificar la evidencia científica que hay sobre los efectos en el desarrollo infantil en menores de 5 años que convivieron con sus padres y madres durante las medidas de distanciamiento social tomadas por causa de la covid-19. Método: revisión integrativa guiada por el marco propuesto por Whittemore y Knafl, y The Prisma Statement, para consultar las bases de datos: Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus y Scielo, con una búsqueda realizada en inglés, utilizando los descriptores: "child development", "growth and development", "parenting", "teleworking", "infant care", "home nursing", "social isolation", "coronavirus infections", "COVID-19". Los criterios de elegibilidad: estudios cuantitativos o cualitativos que abordaran los efectos directos de la pandemia en niños menores de 5 años; y de exclusión: artículos con población de niñez con trastornos del desarrollo diagnosticados o discapacidad. Resultados: fueron incluidos 17 artículos, cuyos hallazgos se clasifican en las categorías: exposición a estímulos de riesgo, privación de estímulos y exposición a estímulos protectores. Se revela que el estrés parental, la ausencia de juego y una menor exposición a interacciones promotoras del desarrollo se vinculan con alteraciones en el procesamiento cognitivo, emocional y de aprendizaje, y tuvieron un impacto negativo en el desarrollo motriz y del lenguaje. Conclusión: la evidencia sugiere que el distanciamiento social puede ser la causa principal en la aparición de retrasos en el desarrollo infantil, en sus áreas: motriz, de lenguaje, cognitivo y socioemocional.

Introdução: a pandemia de COVID-19 diminuiu as possibilidades de criar espaços estimulantes para o desenvolvimento das crianças, uma vez que todos os sistemas com os quais uma criança em desenvolvimento interage foram afetados. Objetivo: identificar a evidência científica sobre os efeitos no desenvolvimento infantil das crianças com menos de 5 anos que viveram com os pais durante as medidas de distanciamento social adoptadas devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Método: revisão integrativa orientada pelo quadro proposto por Whittemore e Knafl, e The PRISMA Statement, para consultar as seguintes bases de dados: Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus e SciELO, com uma pesquisa efetuada em inglês, utilizando os descritores: "child development", "growth and development", "parenting", "teleworking", "infant care", "home nursing", "social isolation", "coronavirus infections", "COVID-19". Critérios de elegibilidade: estudos quantitativos ou qualitativos que abordem os efeitos diretos da pandemia em crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade; e critérios de exclusão: artigos com uma população de crianças com distúrbios de desenvolvimento diagnosticados ou deficiência. Resultados: foram incluídos 17 artigos, cujos resultados se enquadram nas categorias: exposição a estímulos de risco, privação de estímulos e exposição a estímulos protetores. Verificou-se que o stress parental, a ausência de brincadeiras e a menor exposição a interações de apoio ao desenvolvimento estavam associados a alterações no processamento cognitivo, emocional e de aprendizagem, e tinham um impacto negativo no desenvolvimento motor e da linguagem. Conclusão: os dados sugerem que o distanciamento social pode ser a principal causa de atrasos no desenvolvimento da criança nas áreas motora, linguística, cognitiva e socioemocional.

A postmortem study of patients vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: A new coronavirus produces a disease designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccination against COVID-19 has resulted in decreased mortality. Postmortems of vaccinated patients play an important part in the forensic analysis of adverse effects after vaccination, which is essential for determining its efficacy and security. The main objective of this study was to describe the results of autopsies of patients vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 carried out in two major centers in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 121 autopsies was performed following Colombian regulations in two main hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, between March 1st and April 31st, 2021. RESULTS: 118 of the 121 patients (97.52%) had been vaccinated with CoronaVac (Sinovac); only 3 had received other vaccines. Sudden cardiac death was the leading cause of death, with pulmonary embolism another critical finding. No relation between the cause of death and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 was found. CONCLUSIONS: A clinical autopsy is a vital for an accurate post-mortem diagnosis. Any relation between the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the cause of death should be carefully studied in order to provide the general public with evidence-based information about the safety of the vaccination.

Caracterización de pacientes con prescripción de losartán en dosis superior a la dosis máxima diaria, su problemática e intervención

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es una de las enfermedades con mayor preva-lencia en nuestro país. La prescripción de antagonistas del receptor de angiotensina tipo II, es uno los tratamientos más comunes; sin embargo, su dosis máxima efectiva es controversial. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar una población de una entidad promotora de salud en Colombia, que recibía para el manejo de la hipertensión arterial, una dosis de losartán mayor a 100 mg/día. Metodología: Se incluyó una base de prescripción de 3816 casos con hipertensión arterial, en manejo con losartán potásico a dosis superiores a 100 mg/día, con una muestra proporcional de 300 casos; en quienes se aplicó una alerta de dosis máxima (100 mg/día) en la prescripción. Se describió el perfil farmacoterapéutico, interacciones farmacológicas, cambios de dosificación y en las cifras de presión arterial. Para confirmar el efecto terapéutico de losartán potásico en control de cifras de presión arterial, se realizaron pruebas estadísticas (Tukey, Bonferroni). Resultados: De los 300 pacientes, 224 (74,6%) contaban con registro de presión arterial al inicio de la prescripción de losartán potásico a 100 mg/día; después de la intervención se logró reducción de dosis en 70 casos (23,3%). 76 casos (25,3%) no contaban con ningún paraclínico de seguimiento. Conclusión: No se encontró evidencia clínica o científica que justifique la prescripción de losartán con dosis mayores a 100 mg/día para el manejo de la hipertensión arterial esencial en nuestra población descrita.

SUMMARY Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases in our country. Type II angiotensin receptor antagonists are one of the most common treatments; however, its maximum effective dose is controversial. Aim: The objective of study to characterize a population of a health promoting entity in Colombia, which received a dose of losartan greater than 100 mg/day for management of arterial hypertension. Methodology: The study included a prescription base of 3816 cases with arterial hypertension, in management with losartan potassium at doses higher than 100 mg/day, with a proportional sample of 300 cases; in whom a maximum dose alert (100 mg/day) was applied in prescription. Pharmacotherapeutic profile, drug interactions, dosage changes, and changes in blood pressure figures were described. To confirm therapeutic effect of losartan potassium in controlling blood pressure figures, statistical tests were performed (Tukey, Bonferroni). Results: Of the 300 patients, 224 (74.6%) had a blood pressure record at beginning of prescription of losartan potassium at 100 mg/day; after the intervention, a dose reduction was achieved in 70 cases (23.3%). 76 cases (25.3%) did not have any follow-up paraclinical. Conclusion: It was concluded that losartan potassium at doses greater than 100 mg/day did not show statistically significant differences for blood pressure control. We found insufficient clinical and scientific evidence to support the treatment with losartan more than 100 mg/day for hypertension in our population.

Introdução: A hipertensão arterial é uma das doenças mais prevalentes em nosso país. Os antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina tipo II são um dos tratamentos mais comuns; entretanto, sua dose máxima efetiva é controversa. Objetivo: Caracterizar uma população de uma entidade promotora de saúde na Colômbia, que receberam uma dose de losartana superior a 100 mg/dia para tratamento de hipertensão. Metodologia: O estudo incluiu uma base de prescrição de 3816 casos com hipertensão arterial, em manejo com losartana potássica em doses maiores superior a 100 mg/ dia, com amostra proporcional de 300 casos; em quem um máximo alerta de dose (100 mg/dia) foi aplicado na prescrição. Perfil farmacoterapêutico, interações medicamentosas, alterações de dosagem e alterações nos valores da pressão arterial foram descrito. Para confirmar o efeito terapêutico da losartana potássica no controle do sangue valores pressóricos, foram realizados testes estatísticos (Tukey, Bonferroni). Resultados: De dos 300 pacientes, 224 (74,6 %) tinham registro de pressão arterial no início da prescrição de losartana potássica a 100 mg/dia; após a intervenção, uma redução da dose foi alcançada em 70 casos (23,3 %). 76 casos (25,3 %) não tiveram seguimento paraclínico. Conclusão: Concluiuse que a losartana potássica em doses maiores superior a 100 mg/dia não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas para a pressão arterial ao controle. Encontramos evidências clínicas e científicas insuficientes para apoiar o tratamento com losartana mais de 100 mg/dia para hipertensão em nossa população.

Asociación del riesgo de violencia de pareja y dependencia afectiva con la preeclampsia / Association of the risk of violence in couple and affective dependence with the preeclampsia

Objetivo principal: asociar comparativamente el riesgo de violencia de pareja y la dependencia afectiva con el diagnóstico de preeclampsia en gestantes que fueron atendidas en el Centro de Salud Santa Rosa en la ciudad de Riobamba, Ecuador, durante el período abril-agosto 2019. Metodología: se utilizó un diseño no experimental, de tipo correlacional, con 60 participantes divididas en dos grupos de estudio de 30 individuos cada uno. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la aplicación de la Guía de evaluación de riesgos de agresión conyugal, Spouse Abuse Risk Assessment (SARA, por sus siglas en inglés) y el cuestionario de dependencia emocional (CDE). Resultados principales: en el grupo de preeclámticas predominaron aquellas con un alto nivel de riesgo de violencia en la pareja (56,7%) y el 90% fueron valoradas con elevado nivel de dependencia emocional. La distribución de los datos resultó normal. Las diferencias entre ambos grupos resultaron significativas bilateralmente (p=0,000), a partir de la prueba de T-Students. También, la relación resultó estadísticamente muy significativa (p≤0,01) según el test chi cuadrado. Conclusión principal: el diagnóstico de preeclampsia se relacionó significativamente con los niveles de dependencia emocional y riesgo de violencia. Además, se establecieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos estudiados, según los niveles de dependencia emocional y riesgo de violencia.(AU)

Objective: To associate comparatively the risk of violence couple and affective dependency with the diagnosis of preeclampsia in pregnant women who were attended at the Santa Rosa Health Center in Riobamba, Ecuador, during April-August 2019 period. Methods: a non-experimental design of correlational type was used with 60 participants. They were divided into two study groups of 30 individuals each. Data was collected using the Spouse Abuse Risk Assessment (SARA) Guide and the Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (CDE). Results: In preeclamptic women group, those with a high level of risk of intimate partner violence predominated (56.7%) and 90% were assessed with a high level of emotional dependence. The distribution of data was normal. Differences between both groups were significant bilaterally (p = 0.000), from T-students test. Also, relationship was statistically very significant (p≤0.01) according to Chi square test. Conclusions: The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was significant relationship related to levels of emotional dependence and the risk of violence. In addition, statistically significant differences were established between both groups studied, according to the levels of emotional dependence and risk of violence.(AU)

Dependencia afectiva y violencia intrafamiliar en una población de Chimborazo-Ecuador / Affective dependence and domestic violence in a population of Chimborazo Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. En Ecuador, se han detectado altos niveles de violencia y ependencia afectiva en mujeres que residen en la zona urbana. Los estudios realizados son pocos, en relación con el incremento de esta problemática. OBJETIVO. Establecer la asociación entre variables categóricas de dependencia emocional y tipo de violencia intrafamiliar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio no experimental correlacional. Población y muestra conocida de 60 mujeres que declararon haber experimentado alguna forma de violencia por parte de su pareja, atendidas en el Centro de Salud Santa Rosa de Riobamba en el año 2019. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional que evalúa: ansiedad por separación, expresión afectiva de la pareja, modificación de planes, miedo a la soledad, expresión límite, búsqueda de atención; y la escala de violencia intrafamiliar VIFJ4 que evalúa: violencia física, psicológica, sexual, social, patrimonial, de género y el nivel de severidad. Se realizó el análisis en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 25. RESULTADOS. Mujeres con relaciones de pareja formales 83,3%; con nivel escolar de secundaria 68,3%; y con nivel socioeconómico medio 70,0%. Nivel de dependencia elevado 68,3%. La media de los factores inherentes a la dependencia emocional permitieron establecer a la mayoría en la categoría ligeramente más verdadero que falso, con excepción del denominado miedo a la soledad, en el que predominó, completamente falso de mí. CONCLUSIÓN. Se estableció una relación significativa entre factores de dependencia afectiva y violencia intrafamiliar, excepto en el caso de los factores ansiedad por separación y dependencia expresión afectiva pareja.

INTRODUCTION. In Ecuador, high levels of violence and emotional dependence have been detected in women living in urban areas. Few studies have been carried out in relation to the increase of this problem. OBJECTIVE. To establish the association between categorical variables of emotional dependence and type of domestic violence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Non-experimental correlational study. Population and known sample of 60 women who reported having experienced some form of violence by their partner, attended at the Santa Rosa de Riobamba Health Center in 2019. The instruments applied were: Emotional Dependence Questionnaire that evaluates: separation anxiety, affective expression of the partner, modification of plans, fear of loneliness, borderline expression, attention seeking; and the VIFJ4 intrafamily violence scale that evaluates: physical, psychological, sexual, social, patrimonial, gender violence and the level of severity. The analysis was carried out using the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25. Women with formal relationships 83,3%; with secondary school level 68,3%; and with medium socioeconomic level 70,0%. High level of dependency 68,3%. The mean of the factors inherent to emotional dependence allowed to establish the majority in the category slightly more true than false, with the exception of the so-called fear of loneliness, in which it predominated, completely false of me. CONCLUSION. A significant relationship was established between factors of affective dependence and intrafamilial violence, except in the case of the factors separation anxiety and partner affective expression dependence.

Perfil de uso de anticoagulantes en pacientes hospitalizados, interacciones farmacológicas y reacciones adversas identificadas / Anticoagulant use profile in hospitalized patients, drug interactions and identified adverse reactions

RESUMEN Son conocidos los efectos de los anticoagulantes como tratamiento o profilaxis de eventos trombóticos, esto permitió establecer una terapia individualizada según sus necesidades. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, no aleatorizado, en 138 pacientes hospitalizados mayores de edad en una institución de cuarto nivel de atención con tratamiento anticoagulante terapéutico y profiláctico, se abordó el tipo de fármaco indicado, periodicidad, efectos adversos, controles de laboratorio, interacciones farmacológicas y causalidad de las reacciones adversas. Se encontró que el anticoagulante con mayor frecuencia de uso fue enoxaparina (68%), el control más utilizado fue el tiempo de protrombina (60,39%), interacciones farmacológicas se identificaron en 47,1%, las más frecuentes con ácido acetil salicílico (29,7% del total de interacciones), las reacciones adversas más frecuentes fueron de índole hematológico (58,3%); y la evaluación de causalidad de reacciones adversas fue 4,2% probable. El estudio mostró que el anticoagulante más utilizado fue enoxaparina. Las interacciones farmacológicas de los anticoagulantes fueron muy frecuentes, especialmente con warfarina. Las reacciones adversas de mayor ocurrencia fueron las de tipo hemorrágico ; y la evaluación de causalidad fue de categoría posible para la mayoría de estas reacciones adversas.

SUMMARY The effects of anticoagulants are known as treatment or prophylaxis of thrombotic events, allowing to establish an individualized therapy according to their needs. A descriptive cross-sectional, non-randomized study was carried out in 138 hospitalized patients of legal age in a fourth-level care institution with therapeutic and prophylactic anticoagulant treatment, addressing the type of drug indicated, periodicity, side effects, laboratory controls, pharmacological interactions and causality of adverse reactions. It was found that the anticoagulant with the highest frequency of use was enoxaparin (68%), the most used control was the prothrombin time (60.39%), pharmacological interactions were identified in 47.1%, being the most frequent with acetylsalicylic acid (29.7% of the total number of interactions), the most frequent adverse reactions were of a hematological nature (58.3%); and the causality assessment of adverse reactions was 4.2% probable. The study showed that the most used anticoagulant was enoxaparin. The pharmacological interactions of anticoagulants were very frequent, especially with warfarin. The most frequent adverse reactions were those of hemorrhagic type; and the causality assessment was of possible category for most of these adverse reactions.

Carga anticolinérgica en pacientes mayores de 65 años con tratamiento farmacológico ambulatorio en una población colombiana / Anticholinergic load in patients older 65 years with ambulatory pharmacological treatment in a Colombian population

RESUMEN Introducción: los fármacos con potencial efecto anticolinérgico son prescritos frecuentemente en la población mayor de 65 años. Existen varias escalas para calcular la carga anticolinérgica: Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Risk Scale y Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden. Objetivo: caracterizar la carga anticolinérgica en pacientes mayores de 65 años con polifarmacia que son formulados ambulatoriamente. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal, retrospectivo con información de prescripción registrada desde abril hasta septiembre de 2016. Se utilizó la base de datos transaccional de prescripción de una EPS nacional registrada en la plataforma tecnológica de un PBM (Pharmacy Benefit Management). Se analizaron los medicamentos con propiedades anticolinérgicas y carga anticolinérgica. Resultados: fueron 115.713 los pacientes formulados, con una edad media de 74 años. Los grupos terapéuticos más asociados con carga anticolinérgica moderada fueron, en un 6,5 %, dimenhidrinato, amantadina, biperideno y quetiapina. Un 13,1 % con carga anticolinérgica alta donde se encuentran el butil bromuro de hioscina y la amitriptilina. Discusión: el manejo de las patologías en los pacientes adultos mayores es compleja y se llega hasta el punto de requerir prescripción de múltiples medicamentos; por lo cual, se hace fundamental evaluar la necesidad del uso de estos, además de verificar su pertinencia y las posibles interacciones farmacológicas de alta significancia clínica, para evitar la presencia de eventos adversos. Por esto se han desarrollado escalas que permiten mejorar el resultado terapéutico especialmente en fármacos con carga anticolinérgica.

SUMMARY Background: Drugs with potential anticholinergic effect are usually prescribed to the population over 65 years. There are several scales created to calculate anticholinergic burden: Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Risk Scale, and Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden. Objective: To characterize the anticholinergic burden in patients older than 65 years with polypharmacy who are prescribed in ambulatory settings. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study with information registered from April to September 2016. The database of prescription records of a health management organization (HMO), with national registries in the Pharmacy Benefit Management (PBM) technology platform, was used. Medicines were analyzed by its anticholinergic properties and anticholinergic burden. Results: There were 115,713 patients with a median age of 74 years. The medicines with moderate anticholinergic burden were dimenhydrinate, amantadine, biperidene and quetiapine in 6.5 %, and with high anticholinergic burden hyoscine butylbromide and amitryptiline in 13.1 %. Discussion: The medical attention of diseases of the elderly is complex and requires the prescription of multiple medications. It is important to evaluate the medicines and verify their relevance and possible pharmacological interactions, to avoid the presence of adverse events. For this reason, scales have been developed, they allow improving therapeutic results, and especially in medicines with anticholinergic burden and systems of clinical alerts that promotes correct formulation.

Two Grammatical Tasks for Screening Language Abilities in Spanish-Speaking Children.

Purpose: This study assessed concurrent validity evidence for 2 grammatical tasks of a new screener, the Tamiz de Problemas de Lenguaje, for identifying monolingual Spanish-speaking children at risk for specific language impairment with grammatical deficits. Method: A total of 770 4- to 6-year-old monolingual, Spanish-speaking children with and without language impairment were sampled from 3 different states in Mexico. Multiple logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to assess the predictive utility of the model and the classification accuracy of the tasks. The criterion was diagnosis of specific language impairment with grammatical deficits on the basis of a comprehensive language assessment. Results: Results indicated that sensitivity estimates ranged from .90 to .94 and specificity estimates from .83 to .92. Overall, there was a good balance between sensitivity and specificity estimates with moderate to large positive and negative likelihood ratios. Conclusion: Results suggested that the 2 grammatical tasks are suitable for identifying 4- to 6-year-old monolingual Spanish-speaking children at risk for grammatical deficits.