ABSTRACT
Oily sludge is a residue from the petroleum industry composed of a mixture of sand, water, metals, and high content of hydrocarbons (HCs). The heavy oily sludge used in this study originated from Colombian crude oil with high density and low American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The residual waste from heavy oil processing was subject to thermal and centrifugal extraction, resulting in heavy oily sludge with very high density and viscosity. Biodegradation of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) was tested in microcosms using several bioremediation approaches, including: biostimulation with bulking agents and nutrients, the surfactant Tween 80, and bioaugmentation. Select HC degrading bacteria were isolated based on their ability to grow and produce clear zones on different HCs. Degradation of TPH in the microcosms was monitored gravimetrically and with gas chromatography (GC). The TPH removal in all treatments ranged between 2 and 67%, regardless of the addition of microbial consortiums, amendments, or surfactants within the tested parameters. The results of this study demonstrated that bioremediation of heavy oily sludge presents greater challenges to achieve regulatory requirements. Additional physicochemical treatments analysis to remediate this recalcitrant material may be required to achieve a desirable degradation rate.
Subject(s)
Petroleum , Soil Pollutants , Biodegradation, Environmental , Sewage , Soil Pollutants/metabolism , Oils , Petroleum/analysis , Hydrocarbons , Surface-Active AgentsABSTRACT
This review examines the evidence about the relationship between dental procedures and the incidence of transient bacteremia. One of the main obstacles was to define "invasive dental procedure" as an indication for antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients with high risk of bacteremia. A search in WorldWideScience and ScienceDirect was performed and 20 articles were selected for review. Two contradictions stood out. There is no concrete evidence that a transient bacteremia arising during a dental procedure may be a risk factor for the appearance of bacterial endocarditis. There is no certainty about the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis, due to the lack of clinical trials of good quality. There is a similitude between bacteremia resulting from invasive and non-invasive dental procedures. The importance of periodontal health as a preventive measure for bacterial endocarditis among high risk patients is highlighted.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Bacteremia/prevention & control , Endocarditis, Bacterial/prevention & control , Oral Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Bacteremia/etiology , Dental Care , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
This review examines the evidence about the relationship between dental procedures and the incidence of transient bacteremia. One of the main obstacles was to define "invasive dental procedure" as an indication for antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients with high risk of bacteremia. A search in WorldWideScience and ScienceDirect was performed and 20 articles were selected for review. Two contradictions stood out. There is no concrete evidence that a transient bacteremia arising during a dental procedure may be a risk factor for the appearance of bacterial endocarditis. There is no certainty about the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis, due to the lack of clinical trials of good quality. There is a similitude between bacteremia resulting from invasive and non-invasive dental procedures. The importance of periodontal health as a preventive measure for bacterial endocarditis among high risk patients is highlighted.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bacteremia/prevention & control , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Oral Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Endocarditis, Bacterial/prevention & control , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Dental Care , Bacteremia/etiology , Evidence-Based Medicine , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiologyABSTRACT
Myocardial ischemia (MI) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Angiogenic therapy with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a promising strategy to overcome hypoxia and its consequences. However, from the clinical data it is clear that fulfillment of the potential of VEGF warrants a better delivery strategy. On the other hand, the compelling evidences of the role of oxidative stress in diseases like MI encourage the use of antioxidant agents. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) due to its role in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria seems to be a good candidate to manage MI but is associated with poor biopharmaceutical properties seeking better delivery approaches. The female Sprague Dawley rats were induced MI and were followed up with VEGF microparticles intramyocardially and CoQ10 nanoparticles orally or their combination with appropriate controls. Cardiac function was assessed by measuring ejection fraction before and after three months of therapy. Results demonstrate significant improvement in the ejection fraction after three months with both treatment forms individually; however the combination therapy failed to offer any synergism. In conclusion, VEGF microparticles and CoQ10 nanoparticles can be considered as promising strategies for managing MI.
Subject(s)
Lactic Acid/chemistry , Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Polyglycolic Acid/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage , Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/administration & dosage , Animals , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Coronary Vessels/drug effects , Coronary Vessels/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Humans , Myocardial Ischemia/pathology , Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology , Myocardium/pathology , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects , Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Stroke Volume/drug effects , Ubiquinone/administration & dosage , Ubiquinone/chemistry , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/chemistry , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene. Stable transfection of luciferase in cancer cells and their inoculation into permissive animals allows the noninvasive monitorization of tumor progression inside internal organs. We have applied this technology for the development of a murine model of colorectal cancer involving the liver, with the aim of improving the pre-clinical evaluation of new anticancer therapies. RESULTS: A murine colon cancer cell line stably transfected with the luciferase gene (MC38Luc1) retains tumorigenicity in immunocompetent C57BL/6 animals. Intrahepatic inoculation of MC38Luc1 causes progressive liver infiltration that can be monitored by BLI. Compared with ultrasonography (US), BLI is more sensitive, but accurate estimation of tumor mass is impaired in advanced stages. We applied BLI to evaluate the efficacy of an immunogene therapy approach based on the liver-specific expression of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12). Individualized quantification of light emission was able to determine the extent and duration of antitumor responses and to predict long-term disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: We show that BLI is a rapid, convenient and safe technique for the individual monitorization of tumor progression in the liver. Evaluation of experimental treatments with complex mechanisms of action such as immunotherapy is possible using this technology.
