ABSTRACT
Ivermectin is a safe and effective drug in humans and has been approved for use in numerous parasitic infections for over 50 years. In addition, many studies have already shown its antiviral activity. Ivermectin is generally well tolerated, with no indication of central nervous system-associated toxicity at doses up to 10 times the highest FDA-approved dose of 200 µg/kg. The in vitro results of ivermectin for reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load are promising and show that Ivermectin kills SARS-CoV-2 within 48 hours. A hypothesized mechanism of action for this drug is a likely inhibition of IMPα/ß1-mediated nuclear import of viral proteins as demonstrated for other RNA viruses. However, controlled and randomized studies are needed to prove its effectiveness in COVID-19 in humans. In a single in vivo study with published results, patients confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 received at least one dose of ivermectin at any time during hospitalization. The use of ivermectin was associated with lower mortality during treatment with COVID-19, especially in patients who required increased inspired oxygen or ventilatory support. Additionally, 81 studies with the clinical use of ivermectin in humans are being carried out worldwide according to ClinicalTrials.gov. However, none of these data has been published so far. However, private and public entities in Brazil have been adopting this drug in their protocols as prophylaxis and in the initial phase of the disease. In addition, ivermectin has been used in mass treatment to prevent onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan Africa for many years. Surprisingly, this region has the lowest proportional mortality rate among the continents, despite the increasing numbers of infected people released by the World Health Organization.
A ivermectina é um fármaco seguro e eficaz em seres humanos e é aprovado para uso em inúmeras infecções parasitárias há mais de 50 anos. Além disso, muitos estudos já evidenciaram sua atividade antiviral. A ivermectina é geralmente bem tolerada, sem indicação de toxicidade associada ao sistema nervoso central para doses até 10 vezes a dose mais alta, aprovada pelo FDA (Food and Drug Administration), de 200 µg/kg. Os resultados in vitro da ivermectina para redução da carga viral do SARS-CoV-2 são promissores e mostram que a Ivermectina mata o SARS-CoV-2 dentro de 48 horas. Uma hipótese de mecanismo de ação para esta droga é uma provável inibição da importação nuclear de proteínas virais mediada por IMPα / ß1 como demonstrado para outros vírus de RNA. No entanto, estudos controlados e randomizados são necessários para comprovar sua eficácia na COVID-19 em humanos. Em um único estudo in vivo com resultados publicados, pacientes confirmadamente infectados por SARS-CoV-2 receberam pelo menos uma dose de ivermectina em qualquer momento durante a hospitalização. A utilização da ivermectina foi associada a menor mortalidade durante o tratamento com COVID-19, especialmente em pacientes que necessitaram de maior oxigênio inspirado ou suporte ventilatório. Adicionalmente, 81 estudos com o uso clínico da ivermectina em humanos estão sendo realizados em todo o mundo segundo o site ClinicalTrials.gov. Porém, nenhum destes teve seus dados publicados até o momento. No entanto, entidades privadas e públicas no Brasil vêm adotando este medicamento em seus protocolos como profilaxia e na fase inicial da doença. Além disto, a ivermectina é utilizada no tratamento em massa na prevenção da oncocercose e filariose linfática na África subsaariana há muitos anos. Surpreendentemente, esta região possui o menor índice de mortalidade proporcional entre os continentes, apesar dos números crescentes de contaminados divulgados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Ivermectin , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19ABSTRACT
The search for healthy foods has attracted the industry's attention to developing products that use natural ingredients, including natural antioxidants. Antioxidants act as free radicals or oxygen scavengers, inhibiting lipid oxidation and adversely affecting meat products' sensory and nutritional quality. Several synthetic antioxidants have been used in the meat industry; however, studies point to health risks related to their consumption. Such fact drives research into natural antioxidants extracted from grains, oilseeds, spices, fruits, and vegetables, which may have a health-promoting effect. This manuscript evaluates the effectiveness of several natural antioxidants in improving the quality and shelf life of chicken meat products during processing, storage, and distribution. The potential effects of natural antioxidants widely used in chicken products are also discussed. It can be concluded that these natural antioxidants are possible substitutes for synthetic ones. However, their use can affect the product's characteristics.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Meat Products , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Chickens , Meat/analysis , Meat Products/analysis , Plant Extracts/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Ivermectin is a safe and effective drug in humans and has been approved for use in numerous parasitic infections for over 50 years. In addition, many studies have already shown its antiviral activity. Ivermectin is generally well tolerated, with no indication of central nervous system-associated toxicity at doses up to 10 times the highest FDA-approved dose of 200 µg/kg. The in vitro results of ivermectin for reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load are promising and show that Ivermectin kills SARS-CoV-2 within 48 hours. A hypothesized mechanism of action for this drug is a likely inhibition of IMPα/ß1-mediated nuclear import of viral proteins as demonstrated for other RNA viruses. However, controlled and randomized studies are needed to prove its effectiveness in COVID-19 in humans. In a single in vivo study with published results, patients confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 received at least one dose of ivermectin at any time during hospitalization. The use of ivermectin was associated with lower mortality during treatment with COVID-19, especially in patients who required increased inspired oxygen or ventilatory support. Additionally, 81 studies with the clinical use of ivermectin in humans are being carried out worldwide according to ClinicalTrials.gov. However, none of these data has been published so far. However, private and public entities in Brazil have been adopting this drug in their protocols as prophylaxis and in the initial phase of the disease. In addition, ivermectin has been used in mass treatment to prevent onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan Africa for many years. Surprisingly, this region has the lowest proportional mortality rate among the continents, despite the increasing numbers of infected people released by the World Health Organization.